The Global Innovation Index 2012

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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 Contents Appendices Appendix I: Country/Economy Profiles 173 Appendix II: Data Tables 319 Appendix III: Sources and Definitions 409 Appendix IV: Technical Notes 427 Appendix V: About the Authors 433
Preface prEfAcE Stronger Innovation Linkages for Global Growth In recent months, policy discussions about how to reignite confidence in the world economy have questioned the focus on austerity measures. The economic policy debate is placing renewed emphasis on achieving an appropriate policy mix that fosters growth and employment while promoting sustainable public finances. Policies to promote innovation should feature prominently in these discussions—even if innovation cannot cure the most immediate financial difficulties, it is a crucial element of sustainable growth. Future generations will ask whether the stimulus programmes of 2009 and any upcoming initiatives successfully married short-term demand stimulus with longer-lasting growth objectives. They will also ask whether policy makers seized the opportunity presented by the current crisis to put forward-looking measures in place to lay the foundations for future prosperity. Finally, they will judge whether firms and other innovation actors invested appropriately in the future, and attempt to determine why some emerged from the crisis more strongly than others. To support this debate, metrics are required to assess innovation and related policy performance. In this light, we are pleased to present the 2012 edition of the Global Innovation Index (GII). The GII helps to create an environment in which innovation factors are under continual evaluation, and it provides a key tool for refining innovation policies. The importance of linkages and the right infrastructure for innovation Collaboration, the flow of ideas between different innovation actors, and access to knowledge are all increasingly important ingredients of innovation. So-called innovation ecosystems have become more complex and are now built on more internationalized, collaborative, and open innovation models and knowledge markets. © WIPO 2011. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This year’s GII report underlines the importance of linkages and of supporting the optimal infrastructure for these innovation ecosystems. This is an important field of innovation policy, and one that garners increasing attention. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), for example, contributes to fostering the innovation infrastructure by focusing on knowledge diffusion. Among its other recent initiatives, WIPO’s Access to Research for Development and Innovation programme increases the availability of scientific and technical publications in developing countries. Its Technology and Innovation Support Centers are designed to provide local innovators with access to high-quality technology information, including patent documents. Challenges to promoting linkages While there is broad agreement that linkages among innovation actors are key, we face two interrelated challenges: First, experiences and lessons in designing effective policies that foster innovation linkages are still scarce. Modern innovation policies aim to support scienceindustry collaboration, the formation of innovation clusters, and knowledge diffusion, for example. Yet creating innovation linkages is perhaps the most complex innovation policy area, and there are no easy recipes for achieving tangible outcomes and benefits. For years, many economies have sought to foster collaboration between universities and firms, or to create successful technology clusters—often to no avail. Second, measuring the existence and impact of innovation linkages remains dauntingly difficult. This is why the GII puts particular emphasis on measuring not only innovation inputs and outputs, but innovation linkages as well. For instance, it includes measures of the number of joint ventures, or patents filed jointly by a domestic and foreign inventor. However, most of the existing v THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 Preface
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Page 11: Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
Page 15: cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
Page 19 and 20: Rankings
Page 21: Global Innovation Index rankings (c
Page 25 and 26: cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
Page 27 and 28: The GII helps to create an environm
Page 29 and 30: 4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
Page 31 and 32: Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
Page 33 and 34: Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
Page 35 and 36: Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
Page 37 and 38: Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
Page 41 and 42: Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
Page 45 and 46: Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
Page 47 and 48: Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
Page 49 and 50: Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Page 53 and 54: performances on key indicators and
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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Figure 1: Innovation policy framewo
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which is good. However, the role of
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Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
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Figure 4: Conceptual framework for
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Box 2: Saudi Arabia: Linking innova
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cHApTEr 6 The Russian Federation: A
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Figure 2: Expenditure on technologi
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in pharmaceuticals, computers, tele
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financial sustainability, and the v
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ex-territorial innovation centre wi
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cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
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Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
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is around 8%—very low, even compa
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culture, environment, and economy.1
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13 See the Department of Biotechnol
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cHApTEr 8 An Integrated Policy Appr
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institutions in developing countrie
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egan to publish monographs on STI p
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cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
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Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
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Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
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Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
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cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
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egularly update their pages and sha
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Google’s anti-SOPA page, resultin
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cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
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Table 1: Models of creative industr
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than any single major recording lab
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Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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