The Global Innovation Index 2012

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122 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 6: The Russian Federation Figure 1: Innovation activity of industrial enterprises in the Russian Federation Percent Source: HSE, 2011. 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 However, all these actions have not yet resulted in increasing the impact of innovation on economic growth and social welfare. At present, innovation activity in Russian industry is still marked by its limited scale and limited performance over a broad range of indicators (Figure 1).4 The percentage of innovative enterprises here has not exceeded 10–11% since 2000. This is considerably less than that for both developed European countries and a number of developing economies. Innovation intensity related to total sales (1.9% in the Russian Federation, compared with 5.5% in Sweden and 4.6% in Germany) as well as the output of innovation investment (innovation products comprise roughly 5–6% of total sales for 1995–2009) is similarly low. The poor aggregate performance of the national innovation system (NIS) is explained by a number of Enterprises engaged in technological innovation (% all industrial enterprises) Innovative products (% total sales) Expenditure on technological innovation (% total sales) structural and institutional imbalances—the innovation cleavages that diminish synergetic effects and discourage innovation-based growth. • Science-industry split-offs. Business exhibits little demand for innovation, which has not become a priority for domestic companies. International markets are targeted by only 2% of manufacturing enterprises. A typical business model focuses on local markets with lower competitive pressures, non-economic entry barriers, and subsequently limited incentives for longer-term investment in science and technology (S&T) and innovation. As a consequence, a usual innovation strategy of Russian companies is based on technology adoption via acquisition of machinery and equipment, while spending on R&D and technology lags behind that of the leading European Union (EU) economies (Figure 2). At the same time, R&D organizations tend to fail to provide technologies at the required level of readiness, novelty, and competitiveness. Against the background of rapidly growing public appropriations for R&D, these factors have led to a decline of business enterprise contribution to gross (domestic) expenditure on R&D (GERD) from 33% to 27% during 2000–10, versus the averages for the OECD area at 65% and for the EU-27 at 55%. The outcome has been underdeveloped linkages in the NIS (Figure 3) and, finally, a minimal proportion of new-to-market innovative products (0.8% of the total industry sales, compared with 3.3% in Germany and 6.3% in Finland) attributed to a follow-up model of technological development.
Figure 2: Expenditure on technological innovation in industry by innovative activity, % 100 80 60 40 20 Sources: HSE, 2011; Eurostat, 2008. 0 Russia Austria Germany Italy Lithuania Netherlands Poland France Czech Rep. Figure 3: Innovation cooperation in industry, % of innovative companies cooperating with particular types of establishments (2010) Source: HSE, 2011. Business group Consumers Suppliers Competitors R&D organizations Universities Consulting firms No cooperation n Intramural r&D n Acquisition of machinery and equipment n Design, training, market research n Extramural r&D n Acquisition of technology 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 123 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 6: The Russian Federation
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Page 111 and 112: cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
Page 113 and 114: Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
Page 117: the best combinations of foreign te
Page 131 and 132: cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
Page 133 and 134: Figure 1: Innovation policy framewo
Page 135 and 136: which is good. However, the role of
Page 137 and 138: Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
Page 139 and 140: Figure 4: Conceptual framework for
Page 141 and 142: Box 2: Saudi Arabia: Linking innova
Page 143: cHApTEr 6 The Russian Federation: A
Page 147 and 148: in pharmaceuticals, computers, tele
Page 149 and 150: financial sustainability, and the v
Page 151 and 152: ex-territorial innovation centre wi
Page 153 and 154: cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
Page 155 and 156: Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
Page 157 and 158: is around 8%—very low, even compa
Page 159 and 160: culture, environment, and economy.1
Page 161: 13 See the Department of Biotechnol
Page 165 and 166: cHApTEr 8 An Integrated Policy Appr
Page 167 and 168: institutions in developing countrie
Page 169 and 170: egan to publish monographs on STI p
Page 171 and 172: cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
Page 173 and 174: Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
Page 175 and 176: Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
Page 177 and 178: Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
Page 179 and 180: cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
Page 181 and 182: egularly update their pages and sha
Page 183 and 184: Google’s anti-SOPA page, resultin
Page 185 and 186: cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
Page 187 and 188: Table 1: Models of creative industr
Page 189 and 190: than any single major recording lab
Page 191: Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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