The Global Innovation Index 2012

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438 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 About the Authors Y.S. Rajan, Honorary Distinguished Professor, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and Chief Mentor, ISRO Strategy Group (ISG), received his Master’s degree in Physics from the University of Bombay in 1964. He joined the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, as a Research Scholar to work with Dr Vikram Sarabhai’s team. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS), and received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) from Jain Vishva Bharati University, Ladnun, Rajasthan. He played an important role in the emergence of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) as a major space power. For his work at ISRO he was elected as a Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), Paris, in 1986. He was the first Executive Director of the newly created Technology Information and Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) (1988–2002). His book India 2020: A Vision for New Millennium, co-authored with India’s Ex President Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is the outcome of his work at TIFAC. During his long career he has served as an ISRO Engineer at NASA (USA) (1970–73); Scientific Secretary, ISRO (1976–88); Advisor, Department of Science & Technology (1988–96), Scientific Secretary to Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India (2000–02), Vice Chancellor and Chairman of Punjab Technical University (2002–04), Principal Adviser of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) (2004–10), and many others. He was conferred Padma Shri (the fourth highest civilian award in India) in 2012. Besides a vast number of scientific publications and books, Professor Rajan has also written 10 books of poetry in the Tamil and English languages. Vitaly Roud is Researcher and Scientific Coordinator at the Research Laboratory for Economics of Innovation of the National Research University Higher School of Economics and at the Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Moscow, Russian Federation. His academic interests include empirical studies of innovation, evidence-based innovation policy, methodology of innovation surveys, STI statistical indicators, and STI policy design and evaluation. Mr Roud has participated in a number of research and policy advice projects initiated by the Russian Government and enterprises including several Foresight initiatives and the latest Strategy of Socio-economic Development of the Russian Federation to 2020. He holds an MA in Economics with a specialization in the empirical theory of industrial organization from the New Economic School, Moscow, and an MSc of Applied Mathematics (optimal control, Lomonosov Moscow State University). Michaela Saisana has been a Scientific Officer at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission (Italy) since 1998. Her main activities involve auditing composite indicators by means of multivariate analysis, uncertainty, and global sensitivity analysis. She has provided numerous courses on the development and robustness assessment of composite indicators for academia, international organizations, and European Commission officials. In 2004 she won the European Commission – JRC Young Scientist Prize in Statistics and Econometrics, awarded by the Commissioner for Research Janez Potočnik. She is a co-author of the book Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer (2008), a principal author of the 2008 OECD/JRC Handbook on Composite Indicators, and developer and moderator of the JRC Information server on composite indicators. Her publications deal with sensitivity analysis, composite indicators, multi-criteria analysis, multi-objective optimization, and air quality modelling and forecasting. She has a PhD and an MSc in Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens, received with Awards from the Technical Chambers of Greece. Hatem Abdul-Mohsin Samman is the Director and Lead Economist of the Booz & Company Ideation Center. Previously, Dr Samman held the position of Vice President at a major Saudi Bank and was Director of Regulatory Affairs and Strategic Planning at a major regional telecommunications company. He was a Fellow at the University of Minnesota and a Consultant at the World Bank, among other positions. Dr Samman has published several academic articles in the International Journal of Applied Economics and the Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, among others. He is frequently quoted in regional and international magazines and newspapers such as the Financial Times, and often appears as an expert on BBC, AlArabiya, and CNBC Arabia. Dr Samman has co-authored numerous Booz & Company and Ideation Center publications, including How to Succeed at Education Reform: The Case for Saudi Arabia and the Broader GCC Region (2008), The Vital Role of Sovereign Wealth Funds in the GCC’s Future (2009), and Meeting the Employment Challenge in the GCC: The Need for a Holistic Strategy (2010). Dr Samman holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences from the University of California, San Diego, and a PhD in Political Economy & Public Policy from the University of Southern California.
Robert Shaw is the Head of the Innovation Division in the International Telecommunication Union’s Development Sector, where he provides strategic thought leadership on innovation knowledge and systems. In that role, he focuses on the role of innovation as an element of national socioeconomic development, particularly as it relates to the enabling role of information and communication technologies. He blogs about innovation at http://innovation.itu.int. An organization based on public-private partnership since its inception, ITU currently has a membership of 193 countries and over 700 private-sector entities and academic institutions. ITU is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has 12 regional and area offices around the world. Mr Shaw began his career at ITU over 25 years ago and has previously headed ITU’s Human Capacity Building Division, ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Division as well as acted as Deputy Head of ITU’s Strategy and Policy Unit. During this period he has represented ITU and presented papers in numerous national, regional, and global conferences and activities. He has a Master in Telecommunications from the Technical University of Delft, the Netherlands. Derek Slater defends the open Internet on Google’s public policy team and leads the company’s global advocacy efforts on innovation policy. Derek has been writing about digital media since he bought a Diamond Rio PMP300 MP3 player as a teenager. As a fellow at Harvard’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society, his work focused on recommendation engines’ impact on consumer behaviour and how public policy can support emerging media business models. More recently, he worked with Vint Cerf to start a discussion about #ourweb and creativity on google.com/takeaction. In 2009, they helped a group of network researchers launch Measurement Lab, an open platform for Internet measurement tools. Lynn St. Amour is President and CEO of the Internet Society, a nonprofit organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet-related standards, education, and policy. She joined the Internet Society in 1998 as Executive Director of its Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) division, and has been responsible for the Internet Society’s international expansion. She became Global Executive Director and COO in 1999 and held that position until her appointment as President and CEO in March of 2001. St. Amour has extensive experience in global IT and international business. Her background includes positions at the highest levels in international sales and marketing, strategic planning, partner management, and manufacturing. She also has considerable experience in corporate restructuring and start-up management. St. Amour has spent most of her career working in the United Kingdom, France, and Switzerland, with significant long-term assignments in other European countries. Prior to joining the Internet Society, she was director of Business Development and Joint Venture Operations for AT&T’s Europe, Middle East, and Africa division. A graduate of the University of Vermont, St. Amour began her career in information technology with the General Electric Corporation. Kurt Steinert has more than 20 years of experience in corporate public relations, advocacy communications, and nonprofit management with a focus on high-tech, international security, and global environmental issues. Over the past decade, Mr Steinert has held a number of senior communications roles in Alcatel-Lucent, including serving as Head of Communications for the company’s Solutions Organization, where he was responsible for external and internal communications in support the company’s initiatives in a variety of emerging technology sectors, and as Head of Portfolio Media Relations for the company. Prior to this, Mr Steinert helped manage a program that brought together leading members of the Washington, DC press corps with senior government officials in defence and foreign policy for frank discussions on the most pressing issues of the day. Mr Steinert received his Bachelor’s degree in Journalism and Environmental Public Policy from Rutgers University, the State University of New Jersey, USA. Louis Witters is part of the Market and Consumer Insight team at Alcatel-Lucent, where he has responsibilities in the areas of market analysis, market sizing, and growth and core programs initiatives. Previously Mr Witters held a variety of roles in product and consumer segments in Alcatel-Lucent. His responsibilities have included commercial activities in the transmission and public switching field, market analysis and market sizing of key markets and key product segments, product rationalization, and strategy definition for regional markets. Mr Witters graduated from the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) in Criminology, Sociology, and Law. He also graduated from the University of Nanjing (China) in Chinese Economy. Patricia Wruuck is a Policy Analyst at Google in Brussels focusing on economic policy and innovation. Her previous professional experience includes working at the European Policy department of the German Federal Chancellery and as a researcher at the University of Mannheim. She has taught Political Economy and International Relations and published on various economic policy topics such as economic patriotism and bank governance. Her research interests focus on economic policy with a particular emphasis on the governance of financial institutions and trade issues. Ms Wruuck has studied political sciences and economics at Freie Universitaet Berlin, Corvinus University (Budapest), Duke University (DAAD fellowship) and at the University of Mannheim. She obtained her Master’s degree from Freie Universitaet Berlin writing a thesis on the political economy of services trade and continues her work on trade policy as part of her PhD research on antidumping at the University of Mannheim. 439 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 About the Authors
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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Figure 1: Innovation policy framewo
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which is good. However, the role of
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Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
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Figure 4: Conceptual framework for
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Box 2: Saudi Arabia: Linking innova
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cHApTEr 6 The Russian Federation: A
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Figure 2: Expenditure on technologi
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in pharmaceuticals, computers, tele
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financial sustainability, and the v
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ex-territorial innovation centre wi
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cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
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Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
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is around 8%—very low, even compa
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culture, environment, and economy.1
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13 See the Department of Biotechnol
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cHApTEr 8 An Integrated Policy Appr
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institutions in developing countrie
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egan to publish monographs on STI p
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cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
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Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
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Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
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Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
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cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
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egularly update their pages and sha
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Google’s anti-SOPA page, resultin
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cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
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Table 1: Models of creative industr
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than any single major recording lab
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Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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Page 431: Sources and Definitions III
Page 434 and 435: 412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
Page 436 and 437: 414 2 Human capital and research TH
Page 438 and 439: 416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
Page 440 and 441: 418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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Page 449: Technical Notes IV
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Page 455: About the Authors V
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The Global Innovation Index 2012

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