The Global Innovation Index 2012

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28 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 1: The Global Innovation Index 2012 Table 5d: Innovation Efficiency Index rankings (low-income countries/economies) rank country/Economy Efficiency Score products and services that will allow the rest of society to progress. In stage 3, input rankings start improving because of a better integration of segments of society that were previously kept at the margins of development: wages increase, cities and villages become more populated at the expense of rural subsistence communities, education becomes affordable for greater segments of society, women enter the labour force, and so on. The same phenomena that lead to the demographic transition apply, with the added spin that markets start playing an even greater role in parallel to societal progress, with a multiplier effect. Innovation learners are found in stages 2 and 3; in addition, hysteresis effects in innovation might explain the steepness of the curve. In stage 4, where we find the innovation leaders, both innovation capabilities and results stabilize at a high level in an equilibrium that is more the result of demographics, market size, and comparative advantages (services, trade, Efficiency rank Input rank Output rank Difference and so on) than of failed policies or planned strategies. The challenge is to avoid complacency and the risk of an ever-shrinking scientific and creative community that could imperil future growth. Regional rankings Leaders in their respective regions in the GII are the same as in 2011: Switzerland in Europe (1st), Singapore in South East Asia and Oceania (3rd), the USA in Northern America (10th), Israel in Northern Africa and Western Asia (17th), Chile in Latin America and the Caribbean (39th), Mauritius in Sub-Saharan Africa (49th), and India in Central and Southern Asia (64th). This section discusses regional and sub-regional trends, with snapshots for some countries leading in the rankings. Following the insights illustrated by Figure 4, this year the regional rankings are discussed on the basis of that figure, in increasing order of average GDP per capita, to clearly region Group rank population (uS$ millions) GDp per capita (current ppp$) 1 Zimbabwe 0.90 13 130 92 38 SSf 2 12.6 471.7 2 Mali 0.88 19 131 97 34 SSf 5 13.8 1,328.1 3 Nepal 0.86 23 127 95 32 cSA 4 28.5 1,328.1 4 Benin 0.82 36 132 108 24 SSf 8 9.9 1,491.5 5 Bangladesh 0.77 56 118 104 14 cSA 5 166.7 1,697.3 6 uganda 0.74 72 121 112 9 SSf 11 35.2 1,305.4 7 Tajikistan 0.71 79 111 109 2 cSA 6 7.8 2,039.9 8 Gambia 0.67 95 128 125 3 SSf 15 1.8 2,116.6 9 Burkina faso 0.67 96 120 123 –3 SSf 16 15.0 1,456.7 10 Mozambique 0.66 98 107 115 –8 SSf 17 22.0 1,085.9 11 Malawi 0.64 105 110 122 –12 SSf 18 16.2 852.7 12 Ethiopia 0.64 108 124 128 –4 SSf 19 86.8 1,092.7 13 rwanda 0.63 111 95 113 –18 SSf 20 10.2 1,318.5 14 Burundi 0.62 113 137 135 2 SSf 21 8.4 430.0 15 Togo 0.61 117 135 136 –1 SSf 23 7.1 892.8 16 Tanzania, united rep. 0.61 122 117 129 –12 SSf 25 42.2 1,505.7 17 Madagascar 0.60 123 116 126 –10 SSf 26 21.9 943.2 18 cambodia 0.58 128 119 132 –13 SEAO 15 14.4 2,286.1 19 Kenya 0.58 129 89 114 –25 SSf 27 40.9 1,750.8 20 Kyrgyzstan 0.49 134 90 131 –41 cSA 9 5.5 2,380.8 21 Niger 0.47 138 136 140 –4 SSf 29 15.1 795.3 Note: World Bank Income Group Classification (April 2012): LI = low income; LM = lower-middle income; UM = upper-middle income; and HI = high income. Regions are based on the United Nations Classification (20 September 2011): EUR = Europe; NAC = Northern America; LCN = Latin America and the Caribbean; CSA = Central and Southern Asia; SEAO = South East Asia and Oceania; NAWA = Northern Africa and Western Asia; and SSF = Sub-Saharan Africa. showcase those economies that are outperforming their peers in the innovation race (except for the USA and Canada in Northern America, discussed above and in Box 1). To further put the discussion of rankings in perspective, Figure 5 presents in a bar graph the average pillar scores by region and Table 6 presents a heatmap with the scores for the top 10 and average scores by income and regional groups. Sub-Saharan Africa (31 economies) The first four countries in the region have seen clear improvements in their rankings. Despite these encouraging developments, only two countries—Mauritius and South Africa— remain in the upper half of the rankings, and 23 are placed at the bottom (rankings of 100 or plus). Mauritius, South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe have relatively good performances, while Botswana, Gabon, Angola, and Sudan are underperforming.
Figure 5: Average scores for selected country groups Average normalized scores, stacked (0–100) 500 400 300 200 100 0 Northern America Europe In Eastern and Northern Africa, the rankings are led by Mauritius (49th), followed by Kenya (96th), Rwanda (102nd), Zambia (107th), Mozambique (110th), Zimbabwe (115th), Uganda (117th), Malawi (120th), Madagascar (126th), the United Republic of Tanzania (128th), Ethiopia (131st), Burundi (137th), and Sudan (141st). Mauritius is ranked 49th (47th among GII 2011 countries), up from 53rd in 2011. With a net jump of six positions compared with 2011, Mauritius was affected in the rankings by the adjustments made to the GII model (Annex 2). This archipelago of 1.3 million inhabitants, with the 3rd highest GDP per capita in the region after Botswana and Gabon, gets its strengths from the Output Sub-Index (48th), Institutions (24th), and Creative outputs (31st), where it ranks 1st in the region. It has relative deficiencies in Human capital and research South East Asia and Oceania n Institutions n Human capital and research n Infrastructure n Market sophistication Northern and Western Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Central and Southern Asia (70th), Infrastructure (112th), and Knowledge and technology outputs (78th). Particularly worrisome is its 101st position in elementary education; if Mauritius does not prioritize investing in education (it ranks 101st with a current expenditure on education of only 3.1% of GNI), the improvements made in tertiary education and other areas such as linkages might be short-lived. In Middle and Western Africa, Ghana leads at the 92nd position, followed by Senegal (97th), Gabon (106th), Mali (119th), Cameroon (121st), Burkina Faso (122nd), Nigeria (123rd), Benin (125th), Gambia (130th), Côte d’Ivoire (134th), Angola (135th), Togo (136th), and Niger (140th). With the 2nd GDP per capita in the region (at PPP$ 16,021), the ranking of Gabon is disappointing. Ghana epitomises the impact on a ranking of adjustments to the general framework, breaks in series, and n Business sophistication n Knowledge and technology outputs creative outputs Sub-Saharan Africa Note: Countries/economies are classified according to the United Nations Classification (20 September 2011). European Union overlaps (it includes 26 European countries, and Cyprus in Western Asia). European Union availability of data previously missing (Annex 2). This year, Ghana is ranked 92nd (87th among GII 2011 countries), down from 70th place in 2011. This country of 24.3 million people shows a balanced profile, with rankings ranging from 73rd on Market sophistication to 107th on Infrastructure. This year a new indicator on the cost of redundancy dismissal was introduced in which it ranks 134th, implying 69 positions lost in the regulatory environment sub-pillar (54 positions lost among GII 2011 economies). Changes in sub-pillar 1.3, business environment, also affected Ghana—the country dropped 17 positions in the rankings on this sub-pillar (15 if only 2011 economies are considered). In addition, the availability of new data related to expenditure on R&D revealed some weaknesses and strengths previously not assessed for lack of data: low levels of researchers and GERD led to a 97th place in the 29 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 1: The Global Innovation Index 2012
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Page 11: Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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78 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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Figure 1: Innovation policy framewo
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which is good. However, the role of
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Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
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Figure 4: Conceptual framework for
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Box 2: Saudi Arabia: Linking innova
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cHApTEr 6 The Russian Federation: A
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Figure 2: Expenditure on technologi
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in pharmaceuticals, computers, tele
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financial sustainability, and the v
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ex-territorial innovation centre wi
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cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
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Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
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is around 8%—very low, even compa
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culture, environment, and economy.1
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13 See the Department of Biotechnol
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cHApTEr 8 An Integrated Policy Appr
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institutions in developing countrie
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egan to publish monographs on STI p
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cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
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Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
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Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
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Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
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cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
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egularly update their pages and sha
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Google’s anti-SOPA page, resultin
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cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
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Table 1: Models of creative industr
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than any single major recording lab
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Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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