The Global Innovation Index 2012

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420 5 Business sophistication (continued) THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 III: Sources and Definitions 5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign inventor percentage of published patent cooperation Treaty (pcT) applications with at least one foreign inventor a | 2011 Percentage of PCT applications having at least one foreign inventor (i.e., one inventor’s country of residence is different from the first-named applicant’s country of residence). The statistic is given for PCT Contracting Parties only. Where there were no published PCT applications, a zero is assigned. Counts are based on the year of publication. A patent confers a set of exclusive rights to applicants by law for inventions that meet standards of novelty, non-obviousness, and industrial applicability. It is valid for a limited period of time (generally 20 years), during which patent holders can commercially exploit their inventions on an exclusive basis. In return, applicants are obliged to disclose their inventions to the public so that others, skilled in the art, may replicate the invention. The patent system is designed to encourage innovation by providing innovators with time-limited exclusive legal rights, thus enabling innovators to appropriate the returns of their innovative activities. Source: World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO Statistics Database (2001– 11). (http://www.wipo.int//ipstats/) 5.3 Knowledge absorption 5.3.1 Royalty and license fees payments royalty and license fees, payments (per thousand GDp) | 2010 Payments between residents and nonresidents for the authorized use of intangible, nonproduced, nonfinancial assets and proprietary rights (such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial processes, and franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals of prototypes (such as films and manuscripts). The data in current US$ were divided by GDP in current US$. Source: International Monetary Fund; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2005–10). (http://data.worldbank.org/) 5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech net imports (% of total net imports) | 2010 High-technology imports minus reimports over total imports minus reimports. The list of commodities contains technical products with a high intensity of R&D, based on the Eurostat classification, itself based on SITC Rev.4 and the OECD definition. Commodities belong to the following sectors: aerospace; computers & office machines; electronics, telecommunications; pharmacy; scientific instruments; electrical machinery; chemistry; non-electrical machinery; and armament. Source: United Nations, COMTRADE database; Eurostat ’High-technology’ aggregations based on SITC Rev. 4, April 2009 (2007–11). (http://comtrade.un.org/; http://epp.eurostat. ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/Annexes/ htec_esms_an5.pdf) 5.3.3 Computer and communications service imports computer, communications, and other services (% of commercial service imports) | 2009 Computer, communications, and other services (% of commercial service imports) include such activities as international telecommunications, and postal and courier services; computer data; news-related service transactions between residents and nonresidents; construction services; royalties and license fees; miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services; and personal, cultural, and recreational services. Source: International Monetary Fund; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2004–10). (http://data.worldbank.org/) 5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net inflows foreign direct investment (fDI), net inflows (% of GDp) | 2010 Net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10% or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP. Source: International Monetary Fund; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2009–10). (http://data.worldbank.org/)
6 Knowledge and technology outputs 6.1 Knowledge creation 6.1.1 National office patent applications Number of resident patent applications at the national patent office (per billion ppp$ GDp) | 2010 Number of patent applications filed by residents at the national patent office. Patent is defined in the description of indicator 5.2.5. Patent applications by resident data are based on ‘equivalent count’, by which applications at regional offices are multiplied by the corresponding number of member states. This concerns the Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO) and the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI). For the European Patent Office (EPO) and the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), each application is counted as one application abroad if the applicant does not reside in a member state; or as one resident and one application abroad if the applicant resides in a member state. Data reported per billion PPP$ GDP. Source: World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO Statistics Database; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2001–10). (http://www.wipo.int//ipstats/; http://data.worldbank.org/) 6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty applications Number of resident international patent applications at the patent cooperation Treaty (per billion ppp$ GDp) | 2011 Number of patent applications filed by residents under the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The statistic is given for PCT Contracting Parties only. PCT applications are assigned to a particular country of origin according to the country of residence of the firstnamed applicant. The PCT system simplifies the process of multiple national patent filings by reducing the requirement to file a separate application in each jurisdiction. Patent is defined in the description of indicator 5.2.5. Data reported per billion PPP$ GDP. Source: World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO Statistics Database; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2003–11). (http://www.wipo.int//ipstats/; http://data.worldbank.org/) 6.1.3 National office utility model applications Number of resident utility model applications at the national patent office (per billion ppp$ GDp) | 2010 Number of utility model applications filed by residents at their national patent office. Like a patent, a utility model (UM) confers a set of rights for an invention for a limited period of time, during which UM holders can commercially exploit their inventions on an exclusive basis. The terms and conditions for granting UMs are different from those for ‘traditional’ patents. For example, UMs are issued for a shorter duration (7 to 10 years) and, at most offices, UM applications are granted without substantive examination. Data reported per billion PPP$ GDP. Source: World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO Statistics Database; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2003–10). (http://www.wipo.int//ipstats/; http://data.worldbank.org/) 6.1.4 Scientific and technical journal articles Number of scientific and technical journal articles (per billion ppp$ GDp) | 2009 The number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences. The NSF considers article counts from a set of journals covered by Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Articles are classified by year of publication and assigned to region/ country/economy on basis of institutional address(es) listed on the article. Articles are counted on a fractional-count basis– that is, for articles with collaborating institutions from multiple countries/economies, each country/economy receives fractional credit on basis of proportion of its participating institutions. Details may not add to total because of rounding. The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP. Source: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, and The Patent BoardTM, special tabulations (2011) from Thomson Reuters, SCI and SSCI; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database. (http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/ append/c5/at05-27.xls; http://thomsonreuters. com/products_services/science/; http://data. worldbank.org/) 6.2 Knowledge impact 6.2.1 Growth rate of GDP per person engaged Growth rate of GDp per person engaged (constant 1990 uS$ at ppp, 2009 to 2010) | 2010 Growth of GDP per person engaged provides a measure of labour productivity (defined as output per unit of labour input). GDP per person employed is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by total employment in the economy. PPP$ GDP is converted to 1990 constant international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP that a US dollar has in the United States of America. Source: International Labour Organization, LABORSTA Database of Labour Statistics. (http://laborsta.ilo.org/) 6.2.2 New business density New business density (new registrations per thousand population 15–64 years old) a | 2009 Number of new firms, defined as firms registered in the current year of reporting, per thousand population aged 15–64 years old. Source: International Finance Corporation, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2007–09). (http://econ.worldbank. org/research/entrepreneurship; http://data. worldbank.org/) 6.2.3 Total computer software spending Total computer software spending (% of GDp) a | 2011 Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development. WITSA figures for 2011 are estimates calculated in 2010 (http://www.witsa.org/v2/ media_center/pdf/DP2010_ExecSumm_ Final_LoRes.pdf). Data reported as a percentage of GDP. Source: World Information Technology and Services Alliance (WITSA); World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database. (www. witsa.org/; http://data.worldbank.org/) 421 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 III: Sources and Definitions
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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Figure 1: Innovation policy framewo
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which is good. However, the role of
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Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
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Figure 4: Conceptual framework for
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Box 2: Saudi Arabia: Linking innova
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cHApTEr 6 The Russian Federation: A
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Figure 2: Expenditure on technologi
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in pharmaceuticals, computers, tele
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financial sustainability, and the v
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ex-territorial innovation centre wi
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cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
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Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
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is around 8%—very low, even compa
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culture, environment, and economy.1
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13 See the Department of Biotechnol
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cHApTEr 8 An Integrated Policy Appr
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institutions in developing countrie
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egan to publish monographs on STI p
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cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
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Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
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Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
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Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
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cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
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egularly update their pages and sha
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Google’s anti-SOPA page, resultin
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cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
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Table 1: Models of creative industr
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than any single major recording lab
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Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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Page 417 and 418: 6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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Page 421 and 422: 7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
Page 423 and 424: 7.2.2 National feature films produc
Page 425 and 426: 7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
Page 427 and 428: 7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
Page 429 and 430: 7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
Page 431: Sources and Definitions III
Page 434 and 435: 412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
Page 436 and 437: 414 2 Human capital and research TH
Page 438 and 439: 416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
Page 440 and 441: 418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
Page 444 and 445: 422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
Page 446 and 447: 424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
Page 449: Technical Notes IV
Page 452 and 453: 430 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 201
Page 455: About the Authors V
Page 462: 440 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 201
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The Global Innovation Index 2012

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