Natural Science in Archaeology

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Contents xi 7 Metals and Related Minerals and Ores ................................143 7.1 Introduction ......................................................143 7.2 Gold (Au) ........................................................146 7.3 Silver (Ag) .......................................................152 7.4 Native Copper (Cu) ...............................................154 7.5 Other Copper Minerals ...........................................158 7.5.1 The Copper Ore Minerals ...............................164 7.6 Iron (Fe) .........................................................166 7.7 Iron Minerals .....................................................169 7.8 Tin (Sn) Minerals .................................................171 7.9 Lead (Pb) Minerals ...............................................176 7.10 Zinc (Zn) Minerals ...............................................178 7.11 Other Ore Minerals and Metals ....................................180 7.12 Oxidation of Metallic Ores ........................................181 8 Ceramic Raw Materials ...............................................183 8.1 Introduction ......................................................183 8.2 Clays ............................................................184 8.3 Pottery ...........................................................188 8.4 Tempers ..........................................................189 8.5 Glazes ...........................................................191 8.6 Porcelain .........................................................193 8.7 Glass .............................................................194 8.8 Faience ..........................................................197 8.9 Fired-Brick, Tile, and Terracotta ..................................198 8.10 Refractory Ceramics ..............................................200 9 Pigments and Colorants ...............................................201 9.1 The Nature of Pigments and Colorants ............................201 9.2 Historical Background ............................................203 9.3 Iron Oxide Compounds ...........................................207 9.4 Manganese Compounds ...........................................212 9.5 Copper Compounds ..............................................212 9.6 Lead Compounds .................................................213 9.7 Carbon Compounds ..............................................215 9.8 Sulfide Compounds ...............................................215 9.9 Carbonates .......................................................216 9.10 Silicates ..........................................................217 9.11 Gold and Silver ...................................................220 9.12 Tin Compounds ..................................................220 9.13 Cobalt ............................................................221 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells, and Miscellaneous Geologic Raw Materials.........................................................223 10.1 Introduction ......................................................223 10.2 Abrasives ........................................................223 10.3 Salt (Halite) ......................................................224
xii Contents 10.4 Natron ...........................................................228 10.5 Alum ............................................................230 10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fossil Bone .............................232 10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials ....................................238 10.7.1 Mica ...................................................238 10.7.2 Petroleum Products – Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch .......239 10.7.3 Sulfur (S) ...............................................241 10.7.4 Mercury (Hg) ...........................................242 10.7.5 Saltpeter, Niter ..........................................243 10.7.6 Epsomite (MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, Epsom Salt) ..................244 10.7.7 Nitric Acid .............................................245 10.7.8 Tutty/Cadmea ...........................................245 10.7.9 Fuller’s Earth ...........................................245 10.7.10 Stone Money ...........................................246 11 Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials .......................247 11.1 Introduction ......................................................247 11.2 Building Stone ...................................................247 11.2.1 Granite/Diorite..........................................251 11.2.2 Porphyry ...............................................253 11.2.3 Basalt/Andesite/Dolerite ................................253 11.2.4 Limestone/Sandstone ...................................255 11.2.5 Marble .................................................257 11.2.6 Slate/Schist/Quartzite ...................................259 11.2.7 Gypsum ................................................260 11.3 Cements and Mortars .............................................261 11.3.1 Lime ...................................................261 11.3.2 Gypsum ................................................263 11.3.3 Aggregates .............................................264 11.3.4 Hydraulic Reactions ....................................265 11.3.5 Natural Pozzolana ......................................266 11.3.6 Artificial “Pozzolana” ...................................267 11.3.7 Modern Portland Cement ................................268 11.4 Masonry .........................................................268 11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Other Earthen Architectural Materials . . 269 11.6 Weathering and Decomposition ...................................273 References .................................................................281 Glossary ...................................................................319 Appendix A: Pigments Used in Antiquity ..................................327 Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index .......................................333 Geographic Index . .........................................................339 General Index . .............................................................345
Page 1 and 2: Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
Page 3 and 4: Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
Page 5 and 6: vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
Page 7 and 8: viii Preface to the Second Edition
Page 9: x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
Page 13 and 14: xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction and History
Page 17 and 18: 1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
Page 21 and 22: 1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
Page 23 and 24: 1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
Page 25 and 26: 1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
Page 27 and 28: 1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
Page 29 and 30: 1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
Page 33 and 34: 2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
Page 35 and 36: 2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
Page 43 and 44: 2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
Page 45 and 46: 2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
Page 47 and 48: 2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
Page 49 and 50: 2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
Page 51 and 52: 2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
Page 53 and 54: 2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
Page 57 and 58: 2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
Page 59 and 60: 46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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48 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
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284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
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References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
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290 References Fleming S (1984) Pig
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294 References Heizer R, Treganza A
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References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
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References 299 Lu P, Yao N, So J, H
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References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
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304 References Phillips P (1980) Th
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306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
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References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
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References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
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References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
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316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
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318 References Singer C (1948) The
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320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
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322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
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324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
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327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
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Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
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Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
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Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
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General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
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General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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