Natural Science in Archaeology

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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index Opal, 3, 37, 56, 66, 80, 81, 82, 83, 104, 109, 110, 116, 124, 203, 237, 266 Ophiolite, 46, 50, 62, 121, 125, 323 Orpiment, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 204, 215–216 Orthoclase, 19, 103, 104 Orthoquartzite, 56, 82, 323 Oyster shell, 217 P Palladium, 18, 147 Palygorskite, 218 Pararealgar, 216 Paratacamite, 161 Pearl, 4, 7, 9, 13, 14, 21, 40, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 127, 136, 232, 233, 240, 275 Pegmatite, 95, 101, 104, 105, 136, 171, 187 Peridot, 4, 100, 101, 102 Peridotite, 51, 122 Petrified wood, 13, 69, 74 Petuntze, 193 Phonolite, 47, 49, 51 Phosphorus, 5, 6, 18, 33, 167 Phyllite, 58, 73, 139 Picrolite, 88 Pietra Ollare, 62, 124 Pigment, 201–221 Piperno, 254 Pipestone, 136 Pise, 270, 271 Pistacite, 104 Pitch, 215, 239–241, 243 Pitchstone, 51 Placer, 62, 63–64, 116, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 157, 170, 171, 172, 181, 190, 322 Plagioclase, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 68, 103, 223, 253, 277, 319 Plasma, 22, 97 Platinum, 18, 144, 147, 181 Porcelain, 41, 78, 82, 169, 183, 186, 188, 193–194, 195, 323 Porcellanite, 62, 82, 323 Porphyry, 46, 101, 105, 124, 134, 136, 251, 253 Pozzolana, 48, 265, 266–268 Prase, 13, 100, 138 Pumice, 5, 8, 48, 50, 223, 266 Pyrite, 6, 12, 16, 19, 21, 66, 110, 114, 120, 156, 165, 176, 180–181, 182, 256 Pyroclastics, 48 Pyrolusite, 35, 212 Pyromorphite, 176 Pyrope, 61, 102, 103 Pyrophyllite, 125, 323 Pyroxene, 34, 49, 50, 61, 62, 108, 122, 187, 254, 277, 323, 325 Pyroxenite, 49, 61, 323 337 Q Quartz monzonite, 51 Quartz vein, 71, 74, 147, 171 Quartz, 36–37, 76–82, 94, 100 Quartzite, 12, 21, 23, 27, 57, 58, 60, 61, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82–83, 84, 89, 121, 195, 259, 260, 265 Quicksilver, 6, 10, 180 R Radiolarite, 57, 72, 73 Rammed earth, 269, 270 Ramsdellite, 212 Realgar, 4, 5, 16, 214, 216 Red clay, 16, 186, 272 Red lead, 177, 205, 214, 216 Retinite, 116 Rhodochrosite, 35 Rhodonite, 35 Rhyolite, 47, 48, 49, 50, 71, 72, 82, 84, 87, 109, 141 Rock crystal, 4, 9, 66, 70, 92, 94–95, 102, 119, 138–139, 142, 196 Rock salt, 16, 224, 225, 227 Ruby, 4, 14, 35, 66, 93, 115, 196, 203 Rutile, 35, 37, 116 S Salt, 192, 224–228 Saltpeter, 4, 6, 12, 16, 239, 243–244 Sand, 62 Sandarach, 162, 214 Sandstone, 137, 255, 256 Sanukite, 75, 84 Sapphire, 4, 9, 35, 66, 93, 115–116, 258 Sapphiris, 110 Sard, 13, 97 Sardonyx, 82, 99, 100 Sascab, 55, 263 Scheelite, 42 Schist, 58, 61, 84, 121, 127, 138, 139, 154, 224, 259–260 Scoria, 47–48, 266 Sedimentary rock, 20, 53–58, 59, 67, 73, 82, 83, 118, 131, 137–139 Seife, 64 Selenite, 121, 131, 137, 263 Sepiolite, 124, 218 Serpentine, 21, 51, 66, 75, 88, 89, 106, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 247, 250
338 Serpentinite, 49, 51, 88, 97, 108, 122–125 Shakudo, 145 Shale, 47, 53, 54, 57, 58, 82, 84, 111, 118, 137, 141, 165, 182, 185, 188, 209, 232, 240, 266, 267, 321, 322 Shard, 48, 69 Shell, 4, 69, 223–246, 261 Siderite, 78, 171 Silcrete, 57 Silex, 72–72 Silexite, 73, 78 Silica, 47, 51, 55, 56, 73, 78, 83, 167, 191, 195, 196, 197, 264, 266 Sillimanite, 223 Siltstone, 58 Silver, 14, 16, 20, 143, 144, 147, 152–154, 160, 177, 220 Simetite, 116 Sinter, 56, 181, 210 Slag, 48, 144, 157, 158, 163 Slate, 84, 111, 138, 259 Smalt, 202, 219 Smaragdus, 9, 101 Smectite, 185 Smithsonite, 66, 101, 179, 182 Soapstone, 61, 121, 125–128 Sodalite, 103 Sodium, 19 Solenhofen limestone, 258 Sphalerite, 36, 41, 176, 182 Spinel, 3, 35, 115, 223 Stannite, 171 Steatite, 16, 60, 61, 110, 121, 126, 127, 213 Steel, 166, 167 Stibnite, 120, 216 Succinite, 116 Sulfur, 181, 241–242 Sunstone, 96.103 Syenite, 49, 51, 53 T Talc, 110, 125 Tektite, 53, 197 Temper, 189–191 Tennantite, 152 Tenorite, 162, 163, 219 Tephra, 190 Terra verte, 217 Tetrahedrite, 162, 163 Tibir, 146 Tiger-eye, 96 Tin, 36, 63, 97, 143, 144, 160, 162, 164, 171–176, 220 Topaz, 13, 19, 101, 102 Tourmaline, 4, 8, 35, 105 Trachyte, 49 Trap rock, 254 Travertine, 121, 256, 263, 278 Tremolite, 34, 49 Trona, 230 Tufa, 255, 256 Tuff, 48, 49, 141, 266 Turquoise, 68, 71, 91, 114–115 Tutty, 245 Tyrolite, 162 U Ultrabasic, 100, 106, 107, 125 Ultramarine, 110, 218–219 Umber, 207 V Variscite, 88 Verdigris, 212 Vermilion, 203 Vesuvianite, 3 Vitriol, 6 Vitrium, 6 Vivianite, 34 Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index W White lead, 176, 177, 214, 332 Willemite, 36 Wüstite, 193 Y Yaqut, 14 Yellow ochre, 170, 200, 208, 209, 210 Z Zeolite, 47, 50, 266, 325 Zinc oxide, 12, 245 Zinc, 178–180 Zircon, 3, 14, 18, 104, 321 Zoisite, 35
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
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284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
Page 299 and 300: References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
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Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
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Page 321 and 322: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 323 and 324: References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
Page 325: References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
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Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
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Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
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Page 344 and 345: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
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Page 350 and 351: Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
Page 352 and 353: Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
Page 354 and 355: Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
Page 356 and 357: General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
Page 358 and 359: General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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