Natural Science in Archaeology

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4.5 Other Minerals and Rocks 89 preponderance of lithic artifacts was made from local argillite rock. This group also exploited local hornfels sandstone and a siliceous oolite (Spier 1918). Jones (1984) presents in detail the use of “argillite” as a raw material for adze manufacturing by the Maori of South Island, New Zealand. However, as Jones reports, this use of argillite by New Zealand archaeologists is a misnomer. These “argillites” are metasomatized aphanitic inclusions in a serpentine-rich rock. These inclusions break with a conchoidal fracture. The Middle Woodland Period peoples of eastern Pennsylvania (USA) made points of argillite (Turnbaugh 1970). These lithics had wide distribution but had a narrow range typologically and chronologically. This argillite was lightly metamorphosed, a little less than slate. It could be chipped into a quickly made, sharp point. The cutting edge remained sharp only temporarily. However, it could easily be rechipped. The source of this argillite includes known locations in Lebanon and Bucks Counties in Pennsylvania and near Trenton, New Jersey. Argillite was the dominant lithic material in assemblages from 18 sites in northern Tibet. One of the principal knappable lithic materials indigenous to the Southern High Plains region of the USA is a silicified dolomite. This material was quarried but was also available from gravel deposits. The siliceous material is a colorful chert with some chalcedony. No more than 3% of the exposed dolomite formation is cherty, but where the chert was massive, it attracted many prehistoric miners (Wyckoff 1993). The prehistoric peoples of Death Valley, California, quarried basalt for projectile points, knife blades, drills, and scrapers. Fist-sized cobbles of quartzite were utilized as hammerstones for pounding and trimming. Apparently, the basalt was too brittle for use as hammers, choppers, and the like. It should be noted that basalt was not the only material employed for smaller, chipped stonework. Chert, jasper, chalcedony, and a small amount of imported obsidian were also used in lithic production (Wallace 1962). Igneous rocks have long been used as everything from hand axes (Fig. 4.13) to hammerstones (Figs. 4.14, 4.15, and 4.16). Hammerstones are used to batter other materials, so they need to be made of hard, durable, and relatively non-brittle rock. Heavy stones, of course, make good anchors. Humans utilized available rock early in maritime pursuits. McCaslin (1980) reviews the use of stone anchors during the second millennium BCE in the eastern Mediterranean area, specifically Cyprus, southern Anatolia, the Aegean area, mainland Greece, Crete, Egypt, and Canaan. Fig. 4.13 Basalt hand axe from unnamed wadi near Mine Mueilha, Egyptian Eastern Desert
90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Basalt hafted hammer from Lake Superior north shore, USA Fig. 4.15 Hafted granite hammer from a mine near Bir al Alam, Egyptian Eastern Desert, Pharaonic Period Fig. 4.16 Hafted granite hammer from Mine Dunquash, Egyptian Eastern Desert, Old Kingdom
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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Page 97 and 98: 84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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Page 105 and 106: 92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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140 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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142 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
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284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
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References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
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290 References Fleming S (1984) Pig
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294 References Heizer R, Treganza A
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References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
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References 299 Lu P, Yao N, So J, H
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References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
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304 References Phillips P (1980) Th
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306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
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References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
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References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
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References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
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316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
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318 References Singer C (1948) The
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320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
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322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
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324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
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327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
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Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
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Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
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Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
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General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
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General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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