Natural Science in Archaeology

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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Origin of the name Alternate names Chemical formula Color Source Hardness Uses Muscovite Derived from Muscovy (Russian province) where it was used in windows White mica KAl 2 (Si 3 Al) O 10 (OH,F) 2 Natural 2.5 Paint pigment; parallel lubricating agent in to (001); 4.0 4.0 perpend. to (001) paints Naple’s Yellow Modern name Antimony yellow Pb 3 (SbO) 2 Yellow Artificial Paint pigment; colorant in glass and ceramic glazes Ochre Greek ochros meaning “pale yellow” Orpiment Latin auripigmentum meaning “golden paint” Realgar Arabic rahj al-ghar meaning “powder of the mine” Red bole Greek bolos meaning “a lump of clay” Sienna From city of Sienna in Tuscany, Italy Sienna; umber; goethite; limonite; hematite; Indian red Various iron oxide compounds Yellow and red to brown King’s yellow As 2 S 3 Yellow Natural or artificial Sandarack AsS Red Natural or artificial Natural Paint pigment; burnisher for gold leaf; colorant in glazes, glass and ceramics; cosmetic pigment 1.5–2 Paint pigment; cosmetic pigment 1.5–2 Paint pigment; cosmetic pigment Armenia bole Ferrigiinous Red Natural Paint pigment; colorant aluminum silicate in ceramics and glazes Burnt sienna; raw sienna; goethite Fe O H O plus Yellow Natural Paint pigment 2 3 2 alumina and silica Silver leaf Ag Natural Paint pigment and for gilding Appendix A 331
Appendix A (continued) Pigment Origin of the name Alternate names Chemical formula Color Source Hardness Uses Smalt Old High German smalzjan meaning “to smelt” Stibnite Latin stibium, old name for antimony CoO plus SiO 2 plus K 2 O and alumina Sb 2 S 3 Blue Artificial Paint pigment; colorant in glass and ceramic glazes Pale to dark gray Talc Arabic talq meaning “pure” Soapstone/steatite Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Pale green, greenish, to grayishwhite Terre verte French meaning “green earth” Ultramarine This term usually refers to the artificial version of the pigment, but can also refer to natural mineral. From Latin azurrum ultramarium meaning “beyond blue” Umber Latin umbra meaning “shade” or Italian Umbria after province White Lead Lead from Old English meaning “metal” Celadonite/glauconite/ green earth K(Mg,Fe 2+ )(Fe 3+ , Al)Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 or (K,Na) (Fe 3+ Al,Mg) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Yellow-green to pale greenish gray Azurite Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 Blue Natural or artificial Burnt umber/raw umber Flake white/Cremnitz white Earth pigment with Brown Natural or ferrous iron oxide processed plus manganese dioxide Natural 2 Cosmetic pigment, especially eye liner Natural 1 Inert filler in paints; base for lake colors Natural 1 Paint pigment; colorant in glass and ceramic glazes Paint pigment Paint pigment PbCO 3 Pb(OH) 2 White Artificial Paint pigment best in oil; colorant in ceramic glazes 332 Appendix A
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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Page 293 and 294: References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
Page 296 and 297: 284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
Page 299 and 300: References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
Page 302 and 303: 290 References Fleming S (1984) Pig
Page 306 and 307: 294 References Heizer R, Treganza A
Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
Page 311 and 312: References 299 Lu P, Yao N, So J, H
Page 313 and 314: References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
Page 316 and 317: 304 References Phillips P (1980) Th
Page 318 and 319: 306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
Page 321 and 322: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 323 and 324: References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
Page 325: References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
Page 328 and 329: 316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
Page 330 and 331: 318 References Singer C (1948) The
Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
Page 334 and 335: 322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
Page 336 and 337: 324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
Page 340 and 341: Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
Page 344 and 345: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
Page 346 and 347: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
Page 348 and 349: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
Page 350 and 351: Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
Page 352 and 353: Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
Page 354 and 355: Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
Page 356 and 357: General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
Page 358 and 359: General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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