Natural Science in Archaeology

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6.10 Miscellaneous Rocks 141 orthostats with relief carvings of animals in profile were also recovered (Akurgal 1955). Reliefs from Gordion and Ankara depicting the mother goddess Kybele standing in the niche of a miniature temple (a naïskos) were also carved in andesite (Akurgal 1961). Vesicular andesite has been used extensively throughout the world as grinding stones for grains such as wheat and corn. In South America, andesite quarries are found 35 km southeast of Cuzco; stone extracted from the quarries was used to build statuary (Protzen 1985). The name andesite comes from the Andes Mountains of South America. In prehistoric Ecuador, utilitarian metates and bowls, as well as decorative statuary, were carved from andesite (Saville 1910). Probably the bestknown sculpture from the site of Tiahuanaco (Bolivia) is the so-called Gateway of the Sun. It stands 3 m high, 3.75 m in width, weighs about 10 tons, and is cut from a single block of andesite (Kubler 1984). The prehistoric cultures of the Mesoamerican Central and Southern Highlands used basalt and andesite to carve monumental statuary as well (Nicholson 1971). The Precolumbian Maya site at Retalhuleu, in the Highland area near the Pacific coast of Guatemala, is best known for its monumental stone sculptures weighing between one and nearly twenty tons. Several hundred plain and worked monuments are made from local andesite (Thompson 1943; Graham et al. 1978). Quiriguá, the site of a Precolumbian Southern Lowland Maya city on the Motagua River flood plain in Guatemala, included sandstone and rhyolite monuments, stelae, altars, and zoomorphic sculptured boulders (Sharer 1978, 1990). The colossal sculptures from Teotihuacán, Mexico, are carved from an andesite outcropping about 2.5 km south of the site (Heizer and Williams 1956). Tuff. In the second century CE, the Romans used volcanic tuff to carve statues. The famous megalithic Moai statues on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean are sculpted from tuff (Shadmon 1996). 6.10 Miscellaneous Rocks Fine-grained rocks that readily take polish, such as some schists and amphiboles and alabaster and marble, have been ground into charm stones dating to about 4000 BCE that were used as mortuary items in several parts of California (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984). Prehistoric pipe bowls in North America were also made from steatite, limestone, shale, hematite, and even granite. Comparative petrographic, mineralogic, and chemical studies confirm that the stone from the Pieta statue, dating from the beginning of the fifteenth century and recently discovered in Bern, is identical to the Golden Palaner marly chert from Prague. These results support the postulate that the Pieta comes from a Czech workshop (Konta 1993). In South America, the Sambaquí cultures on the south and southeast coasts of Brazil produced a series of zoolithic sculptures from hard stones, such as diabase, basalt and diorite, between 4000 BCE and 1 CE (Prous 1976). The anthropomorphic figure known as the Raimondi Stele found at Chavín de Huántar is also carved from diorite (Kelemen 1969). At Tenochtitlán, the Aztecs carved ceremonial vessels
142 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials from such hard stones as greenstone, diorite, chalcedony, and rock crystal (McGuire 1982). In West Africa, stone sculptures were carved from steatite, granite, gneiss, basalt, limestone, and sandstone (Allison 1968). From the variety of rocks used for carving, including many considered very hard rocks, it can be seen that sculptors were able to utilize local or regional material in nearly all cases.
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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Page 105 and 106: 92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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Page 135 and 136: 122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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Page 157 and 158: 144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
Page 197 and 198: 184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
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284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
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References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
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290 References Fleming S (1984) Pig
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294 References Heizer R, Treganza A
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References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
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References 299 Lu P, Yao N, So J, H
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References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
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304 References Phillips P (1980) Th
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306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
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References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
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References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
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References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
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316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
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318 References Singer C (1948) The
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320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
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322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
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324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
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327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
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Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
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Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
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Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
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General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
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General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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