Natural Science in Archaeology

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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Origin of the name Alternate names Chemical formula Color Source Hardness Uses Gold leaf Au Natural Paint pigment and for gilding; colorant in glass when combined with salts and annealed; when powdered used in cosmetics Graphite Greek graphein meaning “to write” Gypsum Greek gypsos meaning “plaster” Hematite Greek haimatitis meaning “blood red” Kaolin Chinese kao-ling meaning “high ridge” Carbon black; plumbago Terra alba; selinite; alabaster C Black Natural 1–2 Rarely used as pigment; used in drawing CaSO 4 2H 2 O White Natural 2 Inert paint filler; component of some ochre compounds; base for lake colors; preparation of gesso grounds Ochre; Venetian red Fe 2 O 3 Red Natural; or by roasting goethite China clay; pipe clay; white bole 5–6 Paint pigment; burnisher for gold leaf; colorant in glazes, glass and ceramics Al 2 SiO 5 (OH) 4 White Natural Colorant and main compound in glazes and ceramics; used in preparing painter’s grounds Appendix A 329
Appendix A (continued) Pigment Origin of the name Alternate names Chemical formula Color Source Hardness Uses Lapis lazuli Lapis, Latin for “stone” and Persian lazhward meaning “blue” Limonite Greek leimon meaning “meadow” Litharge Greek lithargyros meaning “rock silver” Malachite Greek moloche meaning “mallow” alluding to green color Manganese dioxide Massicot French, from Spanish mazacote, from Arabic origin Minium Term originally applied to cinnabar. From Latin, derived from Iberian word Lazurite (Na,Ca) 8 (Al,Si) 12 O 24 [(SO 4 ),Cl 2 (OH) 2 ] Goethite; ochre FeO(OH) Yellow to brown Blue Natural Paint pigment Massicot PbO Yellow Natural or artificial; processed by roasting lead white Natural Paint pigment; colorant in glazes, glass and ceramics 2 Paint pigment; colorant for ceramic glazes Mountain green Cu 2 (CO 3 )(OH) 2 Green Natural 3.5–4 Paint pigment; cosmetic pigment, especially eye-liner Shades of pink, purple, brown and black in glass and ceramic glazes Litharge PbO Yellow Artificial, by roasting lead white Red lead/orange mineral Paint pigment; colorant in glass and ceramic glazes; pigment in cosmetics Paint pigment; colorant for ceramic glazes Pb 2+ 2 Pb4+ O 4 Red Artificial 2.5 Paint pigment; cosmetic pigment 330 Appendix A
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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Page 293 and 294: References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
Page 296 and 297: 284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
Page 299 and 300: References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
Page 302 and 303: 290 References Fleming S (1984) Pig
Page 306 and 307: 294 References Heizer R, Treganza A
Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
Page 311 and 312: References 299 Lu P, Yao N, So J, H
Page 313 and 314: References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
Page 316 and 317: 304 References Phillips P (1980) Th
Page 318 and 319: 306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
Page 321 and 322: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 323 and 324: References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
Page 325: References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
Page 328 and 329: 316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
Page 330 and 331: 318 References Singer C (1948) The
Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
Page 334 and 335: 322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
Page 336 and 337: 324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
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Page 344 and 345: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
Page 346 and 347: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
Page 348 and 349: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
Page 350 and 351: Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
Page 352 and 353: Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
Page 354 and 355: Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
Page 356 and 357: General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
Page 358 and 359: General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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