Natural Science in Archaeology

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280 11 Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials Fig. 11.12 The Mokattam Formation, members I and II, the lowest rock layers from which the Sphinx was carved, require regular conservation because they are soft and constantly crumble However, most of the body of the Sphinx is carved from much softer layers of member II, lying above the reef limestone. This layer displays the most deterioration. The head is carved from member III, a much more durable rock. Without intensive conservation, the Sphinx could crumble in less than 100 years.
References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C (1981) I lapidarii dall’antichità al rinascimento e il concetto di classifi cazione del regno minerale. Reconditi l’Accademia Nazionale de Lincei clasie di scienze fi siche matematiche e naturali 71:95–100 Adam E (1989) A technological and typological analysis of upper palaeolithic stone industries of Epirus, northwestern Greece, BAR International Series 512. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford Adams A, MacKenzie W, Guilford C (1984) Atlas of sedimentary rocks under the microscope. Wiley, New York Adams F (1938) The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences. 1954 unabridged edn. Dover, New York Adams J, Kneller W, Dollimore D (1992) Thermal analysis (TA) of lime- and gypsum-based medieval mortars. Thermochim Acta 211:93–106 Adams R (2006) The Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, soapstone bowls and the Mountain Shoshone. World Archaeology 38(3):528–546 Agnew A (1955) Application of geology to the discovery of zinc-lead ore in the Wisconsin-Illinois- Iowa district. Trans Am Inst Min Metallurg Eng 202:781–794 Agrawal D (1971) The Copper Bronze Age in India. Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi Agrawal D, Kharakwal J (1998) Central Himalayas: an archaeological, linguistic, and cultural synthesis. Aryan Books International, Delhi Agricola G (1556/1950) De Re Metallica. (trans: Hoover H, Hoover L) Dover, New York Agricola G (1546/1964) De Natura Fossilium. (trans: Bandy M, Bandy J) Dover, New York Agricola G (1546) De Natura Fossilium. Bandy M, Bandy J (in Latin, Trans into English) (1955). New York Akurgal E (1955) Phrygische Kunst. Archäologisches Institut der Universität Ankara, Ankara Akurgal E (1961) Die Kunst Anatoliens von Homer bis Alexander. de Gruyter, Berlin Aldenderfer M, Craig N, Speakman R, Popelka-Filcoff R (2008) Four-thousand-year old gold artifacts from Lake Titicaca basin. Peru. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 105:5002–5005 Aldred C (1978) Jewels of the pharaohs. New York Alexander J (1995) The salt industries of West Africa: a preliminary study. In: Shaw T (ed) The archaeology of Africa: food, metals and towns. New York Allen R, Allen K, Holland C, Fitzhugh W (1978) Utilisation of soapstone in Labrador by Indians, Eskimos, and Norse. Nature 271(5642):237–239 Allison P (1968) African stone sculpture. London Almagro A (1995) Remarks on building techniques during Umayyad times. Studies in the history and archaeology of Jordan. V:271–275 Althaus E (1996) Obsidian: Rohstoff-Werkstoff-Handelsgut. Eine Naturmaterial-Industrie in der Frühgeschichte. Chemie der Erde 56:285–312 Ambrose S (1998) Chronology of the later Stone Age and food production in East Africa. J Archaeolog Sci 25(8):377–392 281
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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Page 296 and 297: 284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
Page 299 and 300: References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
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Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
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Page 313 and 314: References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
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Page 318 and 319: 306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
Page 321 and 322: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 323 and 324: References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
Page 325: References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
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Page 330 and 331: 318 References Singer C (1948) The
Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
Page 334 and 335: 322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
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Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
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Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
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Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
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Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
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Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
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General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
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General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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