Natural Science in Archaeology

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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A Abrasives, 8, 48, 62, 69, 73, 217, 223–246 Actinolite, 33, 34, 36, 106, 122 Adamas, 9, 119, 170 Adamite, 162 Adobe, 185, 269, 271, 272 Agate, 9, 13, 66, 70, 80, 81, 82, 83, 93, 95, 99, 118, 164 Aggregate, 21, 46, 83, 91, 143, 184, 188, 223, 264, 265 Alabaster, 46, 66, 70, 113, 121, 123, 128–132, 141, 251, 263 Alexandrite, 40, 102, 119 Almandine, 61, 102–103 Alum, 4, 5, 8, 12, 16, 128, 221, 230–232 Alumina, 167, 185, 192, 194–195, 204, 208, 264, 266, 273 Alunite, 231, 232 Amazonite, 103, 104 Amazonstone, 66, 103, 104 Amber, 7, 11, 12, 66, 116–117, 118, 138, 207 Amethyst, 9, 13, 16, 27, 36–37, 40, 66, 71, 95, 96 Amphiboles, 34, 51, 141 Amphibolite, 61 Andesite, 47, 49–50, 59, 68, 80, 84, 137, 140, 141, 253–255 Andesitic tuff, 254 Anglesite, 176, 177, 182 Anhydrite, 54, 56, 263 Ankerite, 170 Annabergite, 162 Anorthosite, 61 Antigorite, 121, 122, 164 Antimonite, 216 Antimony, 4, 6, 12, 18, 120, 153, 160, 161, 162, 163, 177, 191, 196, 199, 206, 215 Apache tears, 111 Apatite, 19, 42, 119, 121 Aquamarine, 4, 100, 101–102 Aragonite, 112, 236 Argentite, 154 Argentum, 17, 152, 154 Argillite, 58, 74–75, 88–89, 135–136, 185 Arkose, 57 Arsenic, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18, 33, 143, 144, 156, 160, 161–162, 163, 164, 209 Arsenikon, 8 Arsenopyrite, 12, 162 Asbestos, 7, 8, 12, 128 Asphalt, 239–241 Asphaltum, 215 Atrametum, 12 Attapulgite, 218 Augite, 50, 53, 197, 253, 277 Aurichalcite, 179 Aventurine, 96 Azurite, 16, 35, 66, 70, 71, 113, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164–165, 182, 200, 203, 204, 213 B Barite, 42 Basalt, 9, 13, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 59, 62, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 85, 89, 90, 95, 121, 123, 125, 140, 141, 142, 155, 156, 166, 168, 170, 185, 187, 190, 248, 250, 253–255, 266, 275, 277 Basaltina, 255 Bauxite, 204 Beach placer, 64, 190 Beach rock, 57 Beryl, 3, 13, 14, 27, 66, 95, 100–101, 102, 120 Biotite, 5, 35, 49, 51, 52, 56, 187, 209, 277 Bismuth, 5, 6, 12, 13, 16, 18, 160, 221 Bitumen, 4, 8, 12, 16, 215, 239–240, 241, 242, 256 Black sand, 16, 171 Bloodstone, 98–99 Bone white, 217 Borax, 12 333
334 Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index Bornite, 35, 67, 163 Bournonite, 163 Brass, 16, 40, 120, 165, 179–180 Breccia, 57, 98, 136, 139, 250 Brochantite, 66, 163 Bronze, 5, 9, 48, 49, 51, 53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68, 75, 79, 107, 108, 114, 117, 118, 121, 123, 125, 129, 131, 133, 138, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 188, 189, 191, 195, 197, 206, 209, 212, 216, 224, 226, 234, 240, 249 Bunsenite, 97 C Cadmea, 245 Calamine, 5, 16, 66, 179, 182, 245 Calcareous tufa, 56 Calcite, 19, 42, 46, 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, 75, 79, 82, 111, 112, 129–130, 131, 132, 169, 170, 185, 189, 192, 205, 216–217, 225, 236, 250, 256, 257, 258, 263, 274, 275, 276 Calcium carbonate, 54, 55, 167, 190, 216–217, 225, 232, 255, 261, 263, 267, 268, 269, 274, 275 Carbon black, 200, 205, 215 Carbon, 36, 166, 215 Carbonate, 55–56, 111–112, 216–217 Carnallite, 225 Carnelian, 71, 93, 95, 97, 99, 164, 258 Cassiterite, 62, 63, 64, 102, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 220 Catlinite, 66, 135–136 Caustic soda, 5 Celadon, 195, 207 Celadonite, 205, 217 Celestite, 39 Cerussite, 21, 176, 177, 182, 210, 214 Chalcanthite, 6, 163 Chalcedony, 47, 56, 62, 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 89, 93, 96–97, 101, 110, 121, 138, 142, 237 Chalcocite, 35, 67, 163, 164–165, 182 Chalcopyrite, 67, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167, 181, 182 Chalk, 8, 16, 54, 55, 56, 68, 76, 78, 79, 118, 196, 199, 216–217, 271, 272 Charcoal, 167, 198, 203, 209, 215, 243, 244 Chert, 2, 21, 24, 54, 55, 60, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 89, 97, 98, 100, 123, 141, 237, 238, 266 China clay, 184, 217 Chlorite, 27, 56, 57, 59, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 185, 188, 258, 259, 273 Chloromelanite, 108 Chrome spinel, 35 Chrysoberyl, 4, 40, 100, 101, 102, 119 Chrysocolla, 12, 66, 71, 105, 113, 161, 163, 165, 213 Chrysolite, 100, 102 Chrysoprase, 66, 97 Cinnabar, 6, 16, 41, 66, 106, 116, 120, 180, 205, 214, 216, 243, 244 Citrine, 37, 95, 96 Clay, 58, 62, 183, 184–188, 217, 271 Claystone, 58, 74, 139 Clinoclase, 162, 164 Coal, 47, 54, 74, 75, 118–119, 126, 164, 167, 168, 181, 198, 221, 241 Cobalt, 18, 33, 36, 106, 144, 154, 192, 193, 195, 199, 203, 206, 207, 219, 221, 273 Conglomerate, 54, 57, 74, 124 Copper, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 49, 65, 66, 67, 75, 120, 125, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 154–158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164–165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 199, 203, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212–213, 217, 219, 220, 221, 230, 239, 243, 245, 273 Coral, 4, 7, 8, 54, 76, 216, 232, 236–237, 261 Corundum, 3, 14, 19, 35, 63, 66, 92, 95, 101, 115, 116, 170, 223, 224 Covellite, 67 Cowrie, 232, 235, 236 Cristobalite, 83, 110, 125 Cuprite, 162, 163, 164, 182 Cuprorivaite, 219 D Dacite, 47, 49, 50, 73, 75 Diabase, 47, 53, 60, 70, 73, 123, 141, 157 Diamond, 4, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 36, 40, 63, 66, 93, 94, 104, 119, 224 Diatomite, 223, 237–238 Diopside, 189 Dioptase, 105 Diorite, 47, 51, 53, 61, 70, 105, 108, 121, 123, 139, 141, 142, 248, 251–253 Dolerite, 53, 71, 249, 253–255 Dolomite, 54, 55, 78, 89, 115, 121, 124, 125, 165, 170, 185, 192, 217, 256, 257 Domeykite, 162 Dravite, 105
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 2
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Page 293 and 294: References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
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Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
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Page 321 and 322: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 323 and 324: References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
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Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
Page 334 and 335: 322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
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Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
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Page 350 and 351: Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
Page 352 and 353: Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
Page 354 and 355: Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
Page 356 and 357: General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
Page 358 and 359: General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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