Natural Science in Archaeology

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304 References Phillips P (1980) The prehistory of Europe. Book Club Associates, London Photos E, Tylecote R, Adam-Veleni P (1988) The possibility of smelting nickel-rich lateritic iron ores in the Hellenistic settlement of Petres, N.W. Greece. In: Jones J (ed) Aspects of ancient mining and metallurgy: acta of a British School at Athens centenary conference. University College of North Wales, Bangor, pp 35–43 Piaskowski J (1982) A study of the origin of the ancient high-nickel iron generally regarded as meteoric. In: Wertime T, Wertime S (eds) The evolution of the fi rst fi re-using industries. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 237–243 Pinkstone W (1974) History of abrasives and abrasive practices with comments on historical events contemporary with those ages. Sutter House, Norbeth Pittioni R (1951) Prehistoric copper-mining in Austria: problems and facts, Inst Archaeology Seventh Annual Report Vienna:16–42 Pliny (1989) Natural History. Jones W (translator). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Pogue J (1915) The turquois: a study of its history, mineralogy, geology, ethnology, archaeology, mythology, folklore, and technology. Mem Natl Acad Sci 12(2):9–109 Pollmann H-O (1993) Obsidian im nordwestmediterranen Raum: seine Verbreitung und Nutzung im Neolithikum und Äneolithikum, BAR International Series 585. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford Pollock S, Hamilton N, Boisvert R (2008) Archaeological geology of two fl ow-banded spherulitic rhyolites in New England, USA: their history, explotation, and criteria for recognition. J Archaeol Sci 35(3):688–703 Pomies M, Menu M (1999) Red Paleolithic pigments: natural hematite or heated goethite? Archaeometry 41(2):275–285 Porter J (1961) Hixton silicifi ed sandstone: a unique lithic material used by prehistoric cultures. Wisconsin Archaeol 42(2):78–85 Porter J (1962) Notes on four lithic types found in archaeological sites near Mobridge, South Dakota. Plains Anthropol 7(18):267–269 Potosky N, Potosky R (1947) A unique specimen of pressure-fl aked pyrite from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Am Antiquity 13(2):181–182 Potts D (1996) The diffusion of light by translucent media in antiquity: apropos two alabaster window-pane fragments from ed-Dur. Antiquity 70:182–187 Povenmire H (1975) A Georgia tektite worked by local aborigines. Earth Sci 28(5):241 Prentice, J (1990) Geology of construction materials. Chapman and Hall, New York Price W (1975) Pozzolans – a review. J Am Concrete Inst May:225–232 Pringle H (1997) New respect for metal’s role in ancient Arctic cultures. Science 277:766–767 Protzen J-P (1985) Inca quarrying and stonecutting. J Soc Archit Historians 44:161–82 Prous A (1976) Les sculptures zoomorphes du sud Brésilien et de l’Uruguay. Cah Archéol Am Sud 5: 177 Prufer O (1961) Prehistoric Hopewell meteorite collecting: context and implications. Ohio J Sci 61(6):341–352 Pullen D (1994) A lead seal from Tsoungiza, ancient Nemea and Early Bronze Age Aegean sealing systems. Am J Archaeol 98(4):35–52 Punturo R, Russo L, Lo Guidice A, Mazzoleni P, Pezzino A (2006) Building stone employed in the historical monuments of Eastern Sicily (Italy). An example: the ancient city center of Catania. Environ Geol 50:156–169 Purdy B, Brooks H (1971) Thermal alteration of silica minerals: an archaeological approach. Science 173:322–325 Qin G, Li S (1992) Mössbauer study of Chinese ancient mineral drugs. Hyperfi ne Interact 70:1041–1044 Raber P (1987) Early copper production in the Polis region, western Cyprus. J Field Archaeol 14:297–312 Randle K, Barfi eld L, Bagolini B (1993) Recent Italian obsidian analyses. J Archaeol Sci 20:503–509 Rapp G (1982) Earthquakes in the Troad. In: Rapp G, Gifford J (eds) Troy: Supplementary Monograph 4. Princeton, pp 43–58
References 305 Rapp G (1989) Determining the origins of sulfi de smelting (1989). In: Hauptmann A, Pernicka E, Wagner G (eds) Archäeometallurgie der Alten Welt. Der Anschnitt 7. Deutschen Bergbau-Museums, Bochum, pp 107–110 Rapp G (1999) Copper, Tin, and Arsenic Sources in the Aegean Bronze Age. In: Betancourt P, Karageoghis V, Laffi neur R, Niemeier W. Liège (eds) Melemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters his 65th Year. Vol III, pp 699–704 Rapp G (2003) Geologic and geomorphic setting and resources. In: Swiny S, Rapp G, Herscher E (eds) Sotira kaminoudhia: an early bronze age site in Cyprus. American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports # 08 Boston, pp 461–466 Rapp G, Aschenbrenner S (eds) (1978) Excavations at nichoria in Southwest Greece, 1. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis Rapp G, Gifford J (1982) Troy: The Archaeological Geology. Princeton Rapp G, Cooke S, Henrickson E (1973) Pumice from Thera (Santorini) identifi ed from a Greek mainland archaeological excavation. Science 179:471–473 Rapp G, Allert J, Vitali V, Jing Z, Henrickson E (2000) The determination of sources of North American artifact copper using trace-element patterns. University Press of America, Lanham MD Rapp G, Hill C (2006) Geoarchaeology: The Earth Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation. 2nd Ed. New Haven Ravich I, Ryndina N (1995) Early copper-arsenic alloys and the problems of their use in the Bronze Age of the North Caucasus. Bull Metals Museum 23:1–18 Raymond L (2002) Petrology: The study of igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks. Boston Rehren T, Hauptmann A, Muhly J (eds) (1998) Metallurgica antiqua in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Der Anschnitt Beiheft 8, Bochum Renfrew C (1967) Cycladic metallurgy and the Aegean Early Bronze Age. Am J Archaeol 71:1–20 Renzulli A, Antonelli F, Santi P, Busdraghi P, Luni M (1999) Provenance determination of lava fl agstones from the Roman “via consolare fl aminia” pavement (Central Italy) using petrological investigations. Archaeometry 41(2):209–226 Rice P (1987) Amber: the golden gem of the ages. The Kosciuszko Foundation, New York Richter G (1980) A handbook of Greek art. EP Dutton, New York Rick J (1978) Heat-altered cherts of the lower Illinois valley: an experimental study in prehistoric technology. Northwestern Archaeological Program Prehistoric Records 2, Evanston Riederer J (1974) Recently identifi ed Egyptian pigments. Archaeometry 16(1):102–109 Ritzenthaler R, Quimby GI (1962) The red ochre culture of the Upper Great Lakes and adjacent areas. Fieldiana Anthropol 36(11):243–275 Roberts W, Rapp G, Weber J (1974) Encyclopedia of minerals. Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York Roberts W, Campbell T, Rapp G (1990) Encyclopedia of minerals. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York Robertshaw P (1988) The Elmenteitan:an early food producing culture in East Africa. World Archaeol 20(1):57 Robertson A (1976) Origins of ochres and umbers: evidence from Skouriotissa. Transactions 85:245–251 Robertson R (1986) Fuller’s earth: a history of calcium montmorillonite. Volturna Press, Hythe, UK Rodden R (1962) Excavations at the Early Neolithic site of Nea Nikomedeia, Greek Macedonia. Proc Prehist Soc 28:267–88 Rolett B, Guo Z, Giao T (2007) Geological Sourcing of Volcanic Stone Artifacts from Neolithic Sites in Southeast China. Asian Perspectives 46(2):275–97 Romano J (1976) Observations on early Eighteenth Dynasty royal sculpture. J Am Res Cent Egypt 13: 97–111 Rosenberg G (1992) The encyclopedia of seashells. Dorset Press, New York Rosenfeld A (1965) The inorganic raw materials of antiquity. Frederick A Praeger, New York
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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Page 293 and 294: References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
Page 296 and 297: 284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
Page 299 and 300: References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
Page 302 and 303: 290 References Fleming S (1984) Pig
Page 306 and 307: 294 References Heizer R, Treganza A
Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
Page 311 and 312: References 299 Lu P, Yao N, So J, H
Page 313 and 314: References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
Page 318 and 319: 306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
Page 321 and 322: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 323 and 324: References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
Page 325: References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
Page 328 and 329: 316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
Page 330 and 331: 318 References Singer C (1948) The
Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
Page 334 and 335: 322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
Page 336 and 337: 324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
Page 340 and 341: Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Page 344 and 345: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
Page 346 and 347: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
Page 348 and 349: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
Page 350 and 351: Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
Page 352 and 353: Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
Page 354 and 355: Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
Page 356 and 357: General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
Page 358 and 359: General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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