Natural Science in Archaeology

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310 References Theophrastus (1965) De Lapidibus. Eichholz D (ed and trans). Clarendon Press, Oxford Thibodeau A, Killick D, Ruiz J, Chesley J, Deagan K, Cruxent J, Lyman W (2007) The strange case of the earliest silver extraction by European Colonists in the New World. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(9):3663–3666 Thomas H (1923) The source of the stones of Stonehenge. Antiq J 3:129–260 Thomas N (2005) The Mycenaean pictorial daggers: patina and inlay. Surf Eng 21(5–6):424–430 Thompson J (1943) Some sculptures from southeastern Cevetzaltenango, Guatemala. Notes on Middle American archaeology and ethnology 19, Carnegie Institution of Washington DC, Division of Historical Research, Cambridge, MA, pp 100–12 Thompson R (1925) On the chemistry of the ancient Assyrians. Luzac and Co, London Thorndycraft V, Pirrie D, Brown A (1999) Tracing the record of early alluvial tin mining on Dartmoor, UK. In: Pollard A (ed) Geoarchaeology: exploration, environments, resources. The Geological Society, London, pp 91–102 Thorpe R, Williams-Thorpe O, Jenkins D, Watson J (1991) The geological sources and transport of the bluestones of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK. Proceedings Prehistoric Society 57:103–157 Thureau-Dangin F (1920) Notes Assyriologiques 29 L’alun et la noix de galle. Rev Assyriol 17:27:30 Tite M, Bimson M (1989) Glazed steatite: an investigation of the methods of glazing used in ancient Egypt. World Archaeol 21(1):87–100 Tite M, Bimson M, Cowell M (1984) Technological examination of Egyptian blue. In: Lambert JB (ed) Archaeological chemistry III. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 215–242 Tite M, Pradell T, Shortland A (2008) Discovery, production and use of tin-based opacifi ers in glasses, enamels and glazes from the late iron age onwards: a reassessment. Archaeometry 50(1):67–84 Tite M, Shortland A (2003) Production technology for copper- and cobalt-blue vitreous materials from the New Kingdom site of amarna – a reappraisal. Archaeometry 45(2):285–312 Togashi T, Matsumoto M (1991) Presumption of the sources of stone implements from sites in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Quat Res 30(4)251–263 (in Japanese with English Abstract) Toller H (1977) Roman lead coffi ns and ossuaria in Britain, BAR International Series 38. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford Tong E (1982) Slate cist graves and megalithic tombs in Southwest China: archaeological, historical, and ethnographic approaches to the identifi cation of early ethnic groups. J Anthropol Archaeol 1:266–274 Tomlin R (1988) Tabellae Sulis: Roman inscribed tablets of tin and lead from the sacred spring at Bath. Monograph 16. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Oxford, pp 81–84 Totev K (1992) Icônes et croix de stéatite de Tarnovo. Cahiers Archeol 40:123–138 Truncer J (2004) Steatite vessel age and occurrence in temperate Eastern North America. Am Antiquity 69(3):487–513 Tumiati S, Casartelli P, Mambretti A, Martin S, Frizzo P, Rottoli M (2005) The Ancient Mine of Servette (Saint-Marcel, Val D’Aosta, Western Italian Alps): A Mineralogical, Metallurgical and Charcoal Analysis of Furnace Slags. Archaeometry 47(2):317–340 Turnbaugh W (1970) A study of argillite points in eastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeol 40(1–2):35–42 Turnbaugh W, Turnbaugh S, Keifer T (1984) Characterization of selected soapstone sources in southern New England. In: Ericson J, Purdy B (eds) Prehistoric quarries and lithic production. Cambridge, pp 129–138 Tykot R (1997) Characterization of the Monte Arci (Sardinia) obsidian sources. J Archaeol Sci 24:467–479 Tykot R (1998) Mediterranean islands and multiple fl ows: the sources and exploitation of obsidian. In: Shackley M (ed) Archaeological obsidian studies: method and theory. New York, pp 67–82 Tylecote R (1962) Metallurgy in Archaeology. Edward Arnold, London Tylecote R (1986) The prehistory of metallurgy in the British Isles. Institute of Metals, London
References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T, Murai R, Maeda K, Harigai I, Nakayama Y, Yoshimura S, Kikuchi T, Sakurai K, Sasa Y (1993) Quantitative analysis of ancient Egyptian pigments by external PIXE. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect B 75(1–3):476–479 Usman A (1995) A report on newly discovered soapstone fi gurines from north-central Yorubaland, Nigeria. Nyame Akuma 44:44–51 Vagnetti L (1991) Picrolite: Stone Sculpture in Chalcolithic Cyprus. Bulletin of The American Schools of Oriental Research #282/283 pp 139–151 Van der Merwe N, Avery D (1982) Pathways to steel. Am Sci 70:146–155 Vandiver P, Kingery W (1986) Egyptian faience: the fi rst high-tech ceramic. In: Kingery WD (ed) High-technology ceramics, past, present and future 3. American Ceramic Society Inc, Westerville, pp 19–34 Van Olphen H (1966) Maya blue: a clay organic pigment? Science 154:645–646 Vehick S (ed) (1985) Lithic resource procurement. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Prehistoric Chert Exploitation. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 4. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Vendrell M, Molera J, Tite M (2000) Optical properties of tin-opacifi ed glazes. Archaeometry 42:325–340 Vermeersch P, Paulissen E, Gijselings G, Otte M, Thoma A, van Peer P, Lauwers R (1984) 33,000 year old chert mining site and related Homo in the Egyptian Nile Valley. Nature 309:342–344 Von Hagen V (1961) Realm of the Incas. New American Library, New York Von Hagen V (1977) Auf der Suche nach dem goldenen Mann. Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg Von Rosen L (1998) Lapis lazuli in geologic contexts and in ancient written sources. Paul Åströms Förlag, Partille Waelkens M, Herz N, Moens L (1992) Ancient stones: quarrying, trade and provenance. Leuven Leuven Wagner D (1993) Iron and steel in ancient China. Leiden Wagner D (1999) The earliest use of iron in China. In: Young S, Pollard A, Budd P, Ixer R (eds) Metals in antiquity, BAR International Series 792. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, pp 1–9 Wagner E, Schubert C (1972) Pre-Hispanic workshop of serpentinite artifacts, Venezuelan Andes, and possible raw material source. Science 175:888–890 Wagner G (1980) Die Kyklaneninsel Siphnos: eine bedeutende Rohstoffquelle für Silber und Blei im Altertum. Der Aufschluss 31(7–8):239–248 Wagner G (1982) Antiker Edelmetallbergbau in der Ägäis. Lapis 7(4):9–14 Wagner G, Gentner W (1979) Evidence in 3rd millennium lead-silver mining on Siphnos island. Naturwissenschaften 66:157–158 Wagner G, Weisgerber G (eds) (1988) Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum Wagner G, Gentner W, Gropengiesser H, Gale N (1980) Early Bronze Age lead-silver mining and metallurgy in the Aegean: the ancient workings on Siphnos. In: Craddock P (ed) (1980) Scientifi c studies in early mining and extractive metallurgy. British Museum Occasional Paper 20. British Museum Research Laboratory, London Wagner G, Pernicka E, Seeliger T, Öztunali Ö, Baranyi I, Begemann F, Schmitt-Strecker S (1983/1984) Geologische Untersuchungen zur frühen Metallurgie in NW-Anatolien. Bull- Mineral Research and Exploration Institute Turkey 101/102:45–81 Wai C, Liu K (1991) Origin of white lead – from the east or the west. J Chem Educ 68(1):25–27 Waldbaum J (1978) From bronze to iron: the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the eastern Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean archaeology 54. Paul Åströms Förlag, Goteborg Wallace R (1987) The origin of electrum coinage. Am J Archaeol 91(3):385–397 Wallace W (1962) Two basalt quarries in Death Valley. Archaeology 15(1):46–49 Wallert A (1995) Unusual pigments on a Greek marble basin. Stud Conserv 40:177–188 Walthall J (1981) Galena and aboriginal trade in eastern North America. Illinois State Museum Scientifi c Papers 17. Illinois State Museum, Springfi eld
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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Page 293 and 294: References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
Page 296 and 297: 284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
Page 299 and 300: References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
Page 302 and 303: 290 References Fleming S (1984) Pig
Page 306 and 307: 294 References Heizer R, Treganza A
Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
Page 311 and 312: References 299 Lu P, Yao N, So J, H
Page 313 and 314: References 301 Mistardis G (1963) O
Page 316 and 317: 304 References Phillips P (1980) Th
Page 318 and 319: 306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
Page 321: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 325: References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
Page 328 and 329: 316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
Page 330 and 331: 318 References Singer C (1948) The
Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
Page 334 and 335: 322 Glossary Lake A pigment consist
Page 336 and 337: 324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
Page 340 and 341: Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Page 344 and 345: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
Page 346 and 347: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 3
Page 348 and 349: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index O
Page 350 and 351: Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
Page 352 and 353: Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
Page 354 and 355: Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
Page 356 and 357: General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
Page 358 and 359: General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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