Natural Science in Archaeology

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322 Glossary Lake A pigment consisting of organic coloring matter with an inorganic base or carrier. Lateritic Pertaining to a highly weathered red soil, rich in the oxides of iron and aluminum. Levigate/levigation To rub or grind into a fine powder. Lithology The description of rocks in hand specimens and in the field, on the basis of their mineralogy, grain size, color, etc. Lode A mineral deposit in a host (consolidated) rock, as opposed to a placer deposit. Luminescence The emission of light not caused by incandescence and occurring at a temperature below that of incandescence. Mafic Used to describe an igneous rock composed of dark-colored silicate minerals high in iron and magnesium. Magma A naturally occurring molten rock material emanating from within the earth. Magmas form igneous rocks when crystallized. Marl A term applied to earthy deposits composed of a mixture of clay and calcium carbonate, especially in lake deposits. Mastaba From the arabic word “bench,” this term describes an ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular base, sloping sides, and a flat roof. Matte An unfinished metallic product of the smelting of copper-iron sulfides; matt will contain both copper and iron. Metasomatized Having been subjected to nearly simultaneous dissolution of mineral constituents and replacement by other minerals of different chemical composition. Molassic A thick sedimentary sequence of soft sandstones, shales, and marls formed in a partly marine, partly continental environment. Mordant Serving to fix colors in dyeing. A reagent such as tannic acid, used to fix coloring matter in textiles, leather or other materials. Neogene The later part of the Tertiary, consisting of the Miocene and Pliocene. Netsuke A small Japanese toggle, used to fasten a purse or other article to a kimono. Nicols In a polarizing microscope, the polarizing prisms are called Nicols, after their inventor. Nummulitic Adjective modifying limestones that contain abundant foraminifer fossils of the nummulite variety. Oolite A sedimentary rock, usually a limestone, made up primarily of ooliths: also one of the ovoid particles of an oolite.
Glossary 323 Opacifier A chemical added to a glaze but which does not completely melt into the glaze. This produces a whiteness in the glaze. Ophiolite An assemblage of both mafic and ultramafic intrusive and extrusive rocks, believed to represent oceanic crust. Orthoquartzite A clastic sedimentary rock composed primarily of quartz sand that has a silica cement, making it well-indurated and cohesive. Orthostats Stone slabs set vertically rather than horizontally in a building. Oxidized For an element: to be increased in valence, to lose electrons. For a mineral deposit: to have elements oxidized by combination with oxygen. Parting The breaking of a mineral along planes of weakness separate from cleavage planes. Paste Clay material used as the essential ingredient in pottery manufacture. Pedogenesis Soil development. Pedology The study of soil morphology, genesis, and classification. Sometimes used as a synonym for soil science. Petrography The study of rocks by means of microscopic examination of thin sections using a polarizing microscope. pH A measure of the alkalinity or acidity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions; alkalinity is indicated by numbers above 7, acidity by numbers below 7. Playas Dry, flat areas at the lowest part of an undrained desert basin. Porcellanite A dense siliceous rock having the texture, luster, and conchoidal fracture of unglazed porcelain. The term has been applied to a wide variety from impure chert to baked clay to silicified tuff. Provenance Pertaining to the geologic/geographic source of a raw material. Pseudomorphous The outward crystal form of a mineral that is a relic feature of a preexisting mineral, altered to the new mineral. Pyrophyllite A white or gray sheet silicate resembling talc. Pyroxenes A group of dark-colored silicate minerals having the general formula AB(SiO 3 ) 2 where A Ca, Na, or Mg, and B Mg or Fe. They are common constituents in mafic igneous rocks. Pyroxenite An ultramafic intrusive igneous rock composed chiefly of pyroxene with accessory hornblende, biotite, or olivine. Pyxis/pyxides From ancient Greek and Roman times – a cylindrical container having a lid with a knob in the center; used for toilet articles.
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Natural Science in Archaeology Seri
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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of
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vi Preface and Reader’s Guide ass
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viii Preface to the Second Edition
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x Contents 3.6.2 Placer Deposits ..
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xii Contents 10.4 Natron ..........
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xiv List of Figures 4.8 Predynastic
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History
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1.2 Organization of the Book 3 Sour
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 5 BCE) insc
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 7 led to th
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 9 process o
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 11 sources.
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 13 Fig. 1.1
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1.3 The Ancient Authors 15 wide kno
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Chapter 2 Properties of Minerals 2.
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2.2 Mineral Structure 19 understand
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2.3 Mineral Identifi cation Methods
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2.4 Color of Minerals 27 grains tha
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2.4 Color of Minerals 29 Fig. 2.4 T
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2.4 Color of Minerals 31 blue light
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2.4 Color of Minerals 33 Table 2.2
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2.4 Color of Minerals 35 changing t
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2.4 Color of Minerals 37 Fig. 2.9 G
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2.4 Color of Minerals 39 Halite is
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2.4 Color of Minerals 41 been named
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2.4 Color of Minerals 43 The fluore
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46 3 Exploitation of Mineral and Ro
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70 4 Lithic Materials weathering, s
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72 4 Lithic Materials Patay (1976)
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74 4 Lithic Materials Baked siltsto
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76 4 Lithic Materials source on the
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78 4 Lithic Materials In a highly r
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80 4 Lithic Materials The name come
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82 4 Lithic Materials analyses of C
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84 4 Lithic Materials 4.3.3 Felsite
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86 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.10 Maj
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88 4 Lithic Materials focused on ma
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90 4 Lithic Materials Fig. 4.14 Bas
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92 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ce
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100 5 Gemstones, Seal Stones, and C
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122 6 Soft Stones and Other Carvabl
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144 7 Metals and Related Minerals a
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184 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.2 Cla
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186 8 Ceramic Raw Materials came th
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188 8 Ceramic Raw Materials dominan
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190 8 Ceramic Raw Materials (limest
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192 8 Ceramic Raw Materials and “
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194 8 Ceramic Raw Materials Chinese
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196 8 Ceramic Raw Materials in glas
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198 8 Ceramic Raw Materials 8.9 Fir
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200 8 Ceramic Raw Materials tiles f
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202 9 Pigments and Colorants This c
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204 9 Pigments and Colorants Hierak
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206 9 Pigments and Colorants The na
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Table 9.1 Compounds of iron oxides
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210 9 Pigments and Colorants Eviden
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212 9 Pigments and Colorants 9.4 Ma
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214 9 Pigments and Colorants orange
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216 9 Pigments and Colorants Centra
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218 9 Pigments and Colorants Maya B
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220 9 Pigments and Colorants is cur
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Chapter 10 Abrasives, Salt, Shells,
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 225 does not yie
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10.3 Salt (Halite) 227 Fig. 10.2 Di
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10.4 Natron 229 rituals. Its import
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10.5 Alum 231 times in Egypt. White
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fo
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 2
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Chapter 11 Building, Monumental, an
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11.2 Building Stone 249 but large b
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11.2 Building Stone 251 Fig. 11.2 T
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11.2 Building Stone 253 reaches the
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11.2 Building Stone 255 “Basaltin
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11.2 Building Stone 257 Fig. 11.6 E
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11.2 Building Stone 259 Fig. 11.7 A
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 261 as ala
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 263 outsid
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 265 11.3.4
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 267 of sev
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Oth
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Page 293 and 294: References Accordi B, Tagliaferro C
Page 296 and 297: 284 References Bishop R, Sayre E, V
Page 299 and 300: References 287 Connan J (1999) Use
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Page 309 and 310: References 297 Knox R (1987) On dis
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Page 318 and 319: 306 References Rossi Manaresi R (19
Page 321 and 322: References 309 Stapert D, Johnsen L
Page 323 and 324: References 311 Uda M, Tsunokami T,
Page 325: References 313 Wen G, Jing Z (1992)
Page 328 and 329: 316 References Chapter 4 Andrefsky
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Page 332 and 333: 320 Glossary Celadon Chinese stonew
Page 336 and 337: 324 Glossary Radiolarian Pertaining
Page 338 and 339: 327 Appendix A Pigments Used in Ant
Page 340 and 341: Appendix A (continued) Pigment Orig
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Page 344 and 345: Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index A
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Page 350 and 351: Geographic Index A Abu Simbel, 137,
Page 352 and 353: Geographic Index 341 North, 56, 145
Page 354 and 355: Geographic Index 343 Pipestone Nati
Page 356 and 357: General Index A Abbsid, 128, 192 Ag
Page 358 and 359: General Index 347 220, 230, 231, 23
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