Dictionary of Genocide - D Ank Unlimited

DRAFT CODE OF OFFENSES AGAINST THE PEACE AND SECURITY OF MANKIND
raped or heard about a rape from a victim. About one-third of the refugees heard racial
epithets while under attack.
Based on these findings, U.S. secretary of state Colin Powell (b. 1937) declared the
situation in Darfur to be a case of genocide. Both the ADP and the finding of genocide
constituted major precedents: first, the interview project constituted the first time a
sovereign state (the United States) conducted a genocide investigation into the actions
of another sovereign state (Sudan), and the declaration of genocide constituted the first
time a sovereign state accused another sovereign nation of having perpetrated genocide
while the atrocities were being committed.
Domestic Genocides. Domestic genocide, a category of genocide distinguished by
genocide scholar Leo Kuper (1908–1994), results from major cleavages within a society
between class, ethnic, political, racial, or religious groups as a result of situations such as:
overt racism, antisemitism, the desire to exterminate perceived or actual enemies, economic
expansion, struggles for power, and/or a combination of the latter.
Donor Fatigue. See Compassion Fatigue.
Doubling. According to psychologist Robert Jay Lifton in his 1986 study The Nazi Doctors:
Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (chapter 19, “Doubling: The Faustian
Bargain”), “The key to understanding how the Nazi doctors came to do the work of
Auschwitz is the psychological principle I call ‘doubling’: the division of the self into two
functioning wholes, so that a part-self acts as an entire self” (p. 418). Accordingly, doubling
involves five (5) characteristics: (1) a dialectical relationship between the two partselves
over the issues of autonomy and connection; (2) an inclusive, coherent holistic
base in Auschwitz itself; (3) a life and death nexus by which the part-self engaged in the
killing-related acts understands itself to do so for survivalist and/or healing of the total self
in such a place; (4) an avoidance of guilt; and (5) an unconscious or morally unaware
dimension by which such acts could continually be perpetrated. Thus, for the doctors
themselves, their rationalizations, seemingly, enabled them to realize such acts as consistent
with their medical oaths and commitments, as well as to see them working for the
greater and, therefore, common good, in ethically positive and scientifically justifiable
ways. Additionally, the general and all-pervasive antisemitism of those who affirmed
Nazism, including the doctors at Auschwitz, was also, part of this same elimination of a
social, unclean disease (the Jews), which needed to be exterminated. By extension,
Lifton’s insight into the psychology of those medical healers who participated in these acts
of genocide has far broader and less confining implications, in that those outside the medical
professions who participate in genocide may also experience these five characteristics
and may understand their behavior as ethically sound, if not truly moral.
Draft Code of Offenses against the Peace and Security of Mankind. In the aftermath
of the proceedings of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg in
1945–1946, the International Law Commission (ILC) of the United Nations was charged
(1947) with the responsibility of drafting a code dealing with offenses against the peace
and security of humanity. The task of the ILC was not only to define aggression, but also
to address the issue of criminal jurisdiction. A First Draft was distributed in 1950. The
last draft, the Third Draft, was distributed in 1954. A further drafting of this code does
not appear imminent, and little further action stemming from the earlier drafts is currently
on the horizon. That said, some argue that the International Criminal Tribunal for
the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
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