Dictionary of Genocide - D Ank Unlimited

and influential landlords was at least 3 million. The extent and nature of the enclosures
brought untold hardships to the dispossessed tenant farmers, converting thousands of
independent smallholders into dependent agricultural laborers, and thousands more into
slum-dwellers and factory-fodder in the burgeoning industrial centers that were then in
the process of revolutionizing English society forever. Although the enclosure movement
remodeled the English agricultural population into a landless agricultural and industrial
proletariat, its main effect with regard to genocide was, as identified by Holocaust scholar
Richard L. Rubenstein (b. 1924), the creation of a “surplus” population that had been rendered
vulnerable by legal means. The precedent the enclosure acts created is thus vitally
important in the overall history of genocide, even though the acts were not themselves
genocidal in nature.
Encyclopedia of Genocide. The brainchild of Israel W. Charny (b. 1931), psychologist
and genocide scholar, this encyclopedia was published in 1999 by ABC Clio Publishers.
Coedited by Rouben Adalian (b. 1951), Steven L. Jacobs (b. 1947), Eric Markusen
(1947–2007), and Samuel Totten (b. 1949), this two-volume work includes entries on a
wide range of issues critical to understanding the issue of genocide.
Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Published in 2004 by
Macmillan Reference USA and edited by Dianah L. Shelton, Howard Adelman, Frank
Chalk, Alexandre Kiss, and William A. Schabas, this three-volume reference work provides
a comprehensive and detailed examination of a wide array of issues germane to genocide
and crimes against humanity. In doing so, it highlights and examines the myriad of
issues behind the crimes.
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Published in 1990, this massive work (1,905 pages)
remains the standard comprehensive encyclopedia on the Holocaust. It “seeks to provide,
insofar as its format allows, the widest possible scope of information” on the Holocaust.
With nearly one thousand entries, its editors (which includes, as its chief editor, the noted
Holocaust scholar and survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto revolt Israel Gutman) aim “to make
knowledge that was previously available mainly to scholars accessible to the educated
public at large” (xvii). For specialist and nonspecialist alike, at all educational levels, from
high school through college and university on to graduate school, there remains to this
point in time (2007) no comparable set of volumes that address this human tragedy.
Ennals, Martin (1927–1991). Ennals, a passionate defender of international human
rights, was the first secretary-general of Amnesty International (AI), and the prime mover
and shaker in the establishment of numerous other human rights-based organizations.
Included among the latter are International Alert, HURIDOCS, SOS Torture (which
became the World Organization Against Torture), and Defence for Children International.
Ennals was instrumental in moving AI from an organization that focused on documenting
human rights to one that campaigned for the protection of each individual’s
human rights across the globe. During the course of his leadership with AI, AI’s first campaign
against torture was undertaken (1973). It was also during Ennals’ tenure as secretarygeneral
that AI was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1977). Along with Leo Kuper
(1908–1994), Luis Kutner (1908–1993), and others, Ennals was instrumental in establishing
International Alert (IA), whose express purpose was to focus on the intervention
of conflict that had the potential of exploding into genocide.
Enver, Ismail (Bey) (1881–1922). Military officer in the late Ottoman Empire, leader
of the Young Turk (CUP) coup d’état of January 13, 1914, and one of the chief instigators
ENVER, ISMAIL (BEY)
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