(non)response to, 381–82; See also Somalia Factor Rwandan Armed Forces, 32, 378–80 Rwandan genocide, U.S. response to, 381–82 Rwandan Government Forces (RGF), 382 Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), 382 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 33, 42, 236, 322, 378–80, 382–83 Sachsenhausen, 83 Safe Area, 384; French-established in Rwanda, 381; Operation Turquoise, 381; UN-designated, 442 Safe havens, Northern Iraq, 384–85; for Kurds after Gulf War. See Operation Provide Comfort Saloth Sar. See Pol Pot Sanctions, 77, 385; inducements as part <strong>of</strong>, 212; smart sanctions, 397; trade, 125, 426; Trading with the Enemy Act, 426–27; Travel sanctions, 428 Sanctions Assistance Missions (SAMs), 385 Sand Creek Massacre, 386 Santa Cruz Massacre, 386. See Dili Masacre Santebal, 386 “Sarah,” 228, 387 Sarajevo; Sniper Alley, 398 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 387 Satellite images <strong>of</strong> genocide, 387–88 Save Darfur Coalition, 388 Schanberg, Sydney H., 388 Scheffer, David, 388 Schindler, Oskar, 363–64, 388–89 Schindler’s List, 389 Scholl, Hans and Sophie, 389–90; and White Rose, 470 Schreibtischtater, 390 Schulte, Eduard, 367 Scorched earth policies: and Bolsheviks, 89; and Gosh, Salah Abdalla, 172 Scorpions, 390–91 SD, 391 Secondary Graves, 391 Serbia: Arkan’s Tigers (militia), atrocities by, 18; Chetniks, 67–68; Milosevic, Slobodan, 283–85; NATO intervention, 302; Operation Deliberate Force, 218–19; rape camps, 272 “Serbian Iron Lady”; See Plavsic, Bijana Serbian Memorandum, 391–92 Serbian Television, 392 Serbs, 480; and Croat-Nazi collaborators, 480 Seventh Day Adventist’s role in Rwandan genocide, 380 Sèvres, Treaty <strong>of</strong>, 392 Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey <strong>of</strong> Romeo Dallaire, 392–93 Shalom Institute, Shalom College, University <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, 29 Shanawdithit, 38, 393 Shaw, Stanford, 393 “Sheep to the slaughter,” 394 Shiite Muslims. See also Marsh Arabs; and Hussein, Sadam, 270 Shirach, Baldur von, 53 Shoah (film), 395 Shootings; in Polish death camps, 99–100, 264 Sicherheitsdienst, 391 Sihanouk, Norodom, 47, 395–96, 446 Simon Wiesenthal Center, 396 Sinn Féin (Ourselves Alone), 42 Sinti. See also Gypsies; in Dachau, 95; in Polish death camps, 99–100 Site 2 Around the Borders, 396 Slave labor, 396–97; in Cambodia, 334; and Leopold II, King <strong>of</strong> the Belgians, 258; in Lublin-Majdanek, 84, 263–64; in Mauthausen-Gusen, 83, 273; Monowitz, 289; during the Third Reich, 396–97; “other victims” <strong>of</strong> the Third Reich, 325 Smart Sanctions, 397 Smith, Bradley, 397–98 Sniper Alley, 398 Sobibór, 398 Sobibór death camp, 133–34; Stangl, Kommandant Franz, 409–10 Social Darwinism, 398–99; eugenics and Nazi ideology, 303; Lebensraum (German, “Living Room,” or “Living Space”), 256 Social Engineering, 399–400 Social impacts <strong>of</strong> genocide: Christian Church response against, 36; habituation <strong>of</strong> citizens, 34 Socialism, 400 Soldier Blue, 401 Solomon Islands, 44 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 177 Somalia; Operation Restore Hope, 288; and Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD-25), 341 Somalia Factor, 401 Sometimes in April, 401–2 Sonderkommando, 402–3; Sobibor, 398 Son Sen, 386, 402 South Africa: concentration camps, South African War, 84–85; Mfecane, (Zulu, “The Crushing”), 280 Sovereignty, 403–4 Soviet Union, 43. See also Union <strong>of</strong> Soviet Socialist Republics Spanish Civil War, 440 Species consciousness, 404 Spencer, Herbert: Social Darwinism, 398–99 Srebrenica, 324; secondary graves, 391; Dutch peacekeepers, 404–5. See also Dutchbat (Dutch paratroop battlation) Srebrenica massacre, 405; Drina Corps, 120; Dutchbat (Dutch paratroop battalion) and, 122–23; Scorpions, Serb volunteer militia, 390–91 Srebrenika Resignation, Dutch government, 405–6 SS (Schutzstaffel), 406; Aktion Reinhard, 7–8; Aktion 1005, 7; extermination camps and, 8; Heydrich, Reinhard, assassination <strong>of</strong>, 7; See also Einsatzgrüppen; SS-Totenkopfverbände, 407–8 INDEX 527
INDEX 528 SS St. Louis, 407 SS-Totenkopfverbände, 407–8 Stabilization Force (SFOR), 408 Stalin, Josef [Joseph], 408; chief lieutenant <strong>of</strong>, 237; and Dekulakization, 105; Great Purge and, 173; Great Terror, the, and, 174; the gulags and, 176–77 Stalin-Roosevelt-Churchill Declaration, 409 STAND (A Student Anti-<strong>Genocide</strong> Coalition), 409 Stangl, Franz, 409–10; Into that Darkness: An Examination <strong>of</strong> Conscience (Sereny), 409; and Wiesenthal, Simon, 471–72 Stanton, Gregory, 128 Starvation: Armenian genocide (1915–1923) and, 104; and Bolsheviks, 89; in China, 69; in East Timor, 124–25; in Ethiopia, 134; <strong>of</strong> Igbo people, 205–6; Kulak, 251; in Polish death camps, 99–100; and population collapse, 337 State Commission for the Free Transfer <strong>of</strong> the Civilian Population, 410 State Failure Task Force, 410 Stereotyping, 410–11 Sterilization, compulsory. See Racial hygiene St. James Palace Declaration, 385 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 411 “Stolen Generations” (Aboriginal children, Australia), 51, 411–12 “Stop Hitler Now” demonstration, 473 Streicher, Julius, 412; Der Stürmer (newspaper), 109 S21; The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine, 412–13 Sudan: Arabism in, 16; black Africans <strong>of</strong> Darfur attacked, 81; Coalition for International Justice (CIJ), 74; Darfur, genocide in, 97–98; Darfur, scorched-earth campaign against, 8–9; and Eric Reeves, atrocities exposed, 360; genocide in southern, 402; Gosh, Salah Abdallah, and, 172; Janjaweed attacks on internal refugee camps, 98; Janjaweed militia, 9, 172; Lost Boys <strong>of</strong> Sudan, 262–63; non-Arab populations, oppression <strong>of</strong>, 8; Nuba people, 310; refugee camps and, 9; southern rebels, campaign against, 8 Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA), 97 Sudan Peace Support Project, 445 Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), 402 Sugihara, Sempo, 364 Suharto, Mohamed: and Golkar political party, 170–71; and suspected communists, 211 Supplement to the Agenda for Peace, 413 Survival in concentration camps; theories about, 109–10 Survival International (SI), 413 Survivor testimony, 413 Syria; Hama, 180–81 Szpilman, Wladyslaw, 331 Ta (“Grandfather”) Mok, 414–15 Tadic, Dusan, 415 Talaat, Mehemet (Pasha), 415–16 Tamerlane. See Timur, Amir Tanzania: attacked by Uganda, 12 Tasmanian Aborigines, 416 Tattoo, 416–17 Technology and <strong>Genocide</strong>, 417–18 Tehlirian, Soghomon, 418 Temporary Protection, 419 T-4 (Tiergartenstrasse 4), 347, 418–19; superintendent Franz Stangl, 409–10 Theory (general) <strong>of</strong> genocide, 419 Theresienstadt (Czech, Terezin), 420 Third Reich, 420 Third World, 421 Thousanders, 421 Threat, real or potential. See Retributive genocide Tibet, 69, 421–22 Tiergartenstrasse 4. See T-4 Timur, Amir, 422 Tiso, Monsignor Jozef, 422 Tito, Josip Broz, 47, 423–24 Topf, J. A. and Sons, 424 Torgsin, 424 Torture: China, in, 69; dirty war, 114; in East Timor, 124–25; Japanese, by, 69; Nuon Chea and, 310–11; in Polish death camps, 99–100; Tuol Sleng prison, 120 Totalitarianism, 425; and democide, 106 Total genocide, 424 Totally Un<strong>of</strong>ficial Man (Lemkin), 426. See also Lemkin, Raphael Total war, 425 Totten, Dr. Samuel, 28, 40; <strong>Genocide</strong>: A Critical Bibliographical Series, 160; <strong>Genocide</strong> at the Millennium, 160; The Prevention and Intervention <strong>of</strong> <strong>Genocide</strong>, 160; Women and <strong>Genocide</strong>, 160 Tourism; Dark, 99 Toynbee, Arnold, 52 Trade sanctions, 125, 426 Trading with the Enemy Act, 426–27 Trail <strong>of</strong> Tears, 140; 427–28 Transaction Publishers, 428 Travel sanctions, 428 Treatment <strong>of</strong> the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916, The, 428–29 Treaty, 429 Treaty <strong>of</strong> Versailles. See Versailles Treaty Treaty <strong>of</strong> Westphalia, 308, 469; and Realism, 359; and sovereignty, 403–4 Treblinka, 429 Trigger, 429 Triumph <strong>of</strong> the Spirit, 429 Trocme, André, 429–30 Truce, The, 430 Truggernanna, 430 Truth Commission; Commission for Historical Clarification, 79; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH), 79–80; in Guatemala, 175–76 Tudjman, Franjo, 48, 99, 430–31
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Dictionary of Genocide Volume 1: A-
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The authors dedicate this book to a
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Abdul Hamid II ABiH Absolutism Acce
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Coalition for an International Crim
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Generalgouvernement Geneva Conventi
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Killing Fields, The Kim Il-sung Kis
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Political Killings Political Sectio
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Treaty Treblinka Trigger Triumph of
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Acknowledgments Samuel Totten wishe
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INTRODUCTION xxiv “best.” As ma
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INTRODUCTION xxvi now exist on the
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ACCELERATOR 2 of God on earth and t
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AFRICAN UNION 4 December 1979 in or
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AKAYESU, JEAN-PAUL 6 eight thousand
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AL ANFAL CAMPAIGN 8 lead to the era
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ALLIED FORCE 10 Allied Force. The o
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AMIN, IDI 12 Amin, Idi (c. 1925-200
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ANFAL CAMPAIGN 14 the intent on the
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ARABISM 16 of its Christ (i.e., dei
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ARGENTINA AND “DISAPPEARANCES”
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ARMENIAN GENOCIDE, BRITISH RESPONSE
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ARMENIAN GENOCIDE, UNITED STATES’
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ARUSHA ACCORDS 24 an embargo is imp
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ASYLUM 26 their experience as havin
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AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU 28 Upon analysis
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AUTOGENOCIDE 30 exclusive possessio
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B Babi Yar. A ravine located northw
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“BANALITY OF EVIL” 34 together
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BARMEN DECLARATION OF THE CONFESSIO
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BEOTHUK PEOPLE, GENOCIDE OF 38 Beot
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BIAFRA, GENOCIDE IN 40 as Jolie’s
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BIZIMUNGU, AUGUSTIN 42 are over two
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BLACKBIRDING 44 occasion, local kin
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“BLUE HELMETS” OR “BLUE BERET
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BOSNIAN SAFE AREAS 48 death, especi
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BRAZIL, GENOCIDE OF INDIGENOUS PEOP
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BRYCE, VISCOUNT JAMES 52 arrangemen
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“BURNING TIMES, THE” 54 ultimat
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BYSTANDERS 56 not necessarily be in
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CAMBODIAN GENOCIDE JUSTICE ACT 58 t
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CANADA, GENOCIDE IN 60 overthrown b
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CARTHAGO DELENDA EST! 62 delendam!
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CHAM PEOPLE, GENOCIDE OF 64 twentie
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CHAPTER VII OF THE UN CHARTER 66 ac
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CHILE 68 Chetniks later became a ma
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CHMIELNICKI, BOGDAN 70 often been d
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CIA AND GENOCIDE 72 understanding,
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“CNN EFFECT” 74 Washington Post
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COLD WAR 76 Cold War was a reality
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COLONIAL GENOCIDE 78 stratum of the
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COMMITTEE OF JURISTS 80 Among acts
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COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCY 82 c
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CONCENTRATION CAMPS, SOUTH AFRICAN
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CONQUISTADORES 86 combat. The proce
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CONTROL COUNCIL LAW NO. 10 88 ensur
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CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 90 Catholic
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CULTURAL REVOLUTION 92 and generall
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND ETHNIC CLEANSING
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DALLAIRE, MAJOR GENERAL ROMEO 96 Co
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DARFUR (SUDAN), GENOCIDE IN 98 regi
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DEATH SQUADS 100 beaten to death, p
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DEFINITION OF GENOCIDE, FEIN’S 10
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DEIR EZ ZOR 104 victims in genocida
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DEMOCIDE 106 those against whom a c
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DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA 108 and implem
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DESECRATION OF THE HOST 110 personi
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DIARY OF DAWID SIERAKOWIAK, THE: FI
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DIMENSIONS: A JOURNAL OF HOLOCAUST
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DISEASE AND GENOCIDE 116 Women, whi
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DOCTORS’ TRIAL 118 was to Djemal
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DRINA CORPS 120 (ICTR), as well as
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DURANTY, WALTER 122 itself quite sh
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E Early Warning System. Originally
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EICHMANN, ADOLF 126 Examples of eco
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EIGHT STAGES OF GENOCIDE 128 concen
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EMERGENCY RESCUE COMMITTEE 130 a Se
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EPITHETS 132 of the Armenian genoci
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ETHIOPIA, GENOCIDE IN 134 plans pub
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ETHNIC CONFLICT 136 right, with no
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EUROPEAN NETWORK OF GENOCIDE SCHOLA
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EXPULSIONS AND GENOCIDE 140 for the
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F Facing History and Ourselves. Fou
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FASCISM 144 deterioration of the wo
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FOCA, RAPE CAMP 146 accounts also e
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“FORGOTTEN GENOCIDE” 148 the on
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FRY, VARIAN MACKEY 150 he never lea
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G Gacaca. An indigenous form of loc
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GACACA: LIVING TOGETHER AGAIN IN RW
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GAS CHAMBERS 156 incarcerated in th
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GENEVA TREATY 158 armies in the fie
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GENOCIDAL SOCIETIES 160 detained un
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GENOCIDE, CLASSIFICATION IN MULTIPL
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GENOCIDE, DURING EARLY MODERN PERIO
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GENOCIDE FORUM, THE 166 place with
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GENOCIDE, THEORIES OF 168 Institute
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GOALS OF ANTI-JEWISH ADMINISTRATORS
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GOSH, SALAH ABDALLAH 172 Tribunal a
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GROTIUS, HUGO 174 NKVD, murdered hu
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GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON INTERNAL DISP
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GUSMAO, XANANA 178 the Indonesians.
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HADEMAR 180 Controversy has swirled
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HAMITIC HYPOTHESIS 182 Hamitic Hypo
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HENG SAMRIN 184 the role of governm
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HISTORICAL REVISIONISM VS. “HISTO
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HITLER YOUTH 188 antisemitic agenda
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HOLLERITH MACHINE 190 paramilitarie
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HOLOCAUST DENIAL 192 by Oxford Univ
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HUGUENOTS 194 Hutu hate the Tutsi t
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HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 196 society and as
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HUSSEIN, SADDAM 198 Hussein, Saddam
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HUTU POWER 200 committed large-scal
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I I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of t
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IENG SARY 204 hierarchy of “races
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IMPERIALISM 206 In large measure, t
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INDIAN REMOVAL ACT, 1830 208 Indian
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INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY, CONCEPT
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INDUCEMENTS, AS PART OF A SANCTIONS
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INTENTIONALISTS’/FUNCTIONALISTS
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 216
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INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON MISSING
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INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC,
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INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR
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INTERNATIONAL LAW 224 INGOs are Amn
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INYENZI 226 were “The United Nati
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“ISRAEL” 228 rendered his verdi
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J “J.” Tenth letter of the alph
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JOURNAL OF GENOCIDE RESEARCH 232 Je
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JUDENREIN 234 establishing their ec
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K Kagame, Paul (b. 1957). Paul Kaga
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KANGURA 238 Throughout his term as
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KARADZIC, RADOVAN 240 change their
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KA-TZETNIK 135633 242 Ka-Tzetnik 13
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“KHMER NOIR” 244 “Khmer Noir.
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KILLING FIELDS, THE 246 most common
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KOSOVO FORCE 248 fired upon by KOPA
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KRISTALLNACHT 250 Since the KLA’s
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KURDISH GENOCIDE IN NORTHERN IRAQ 2
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LAST JUST MAN, THE 254 Jerusalem of
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LEAGUE OF NATIONS, AND INTERVENTION
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LEOPOLD II, KING OF THE BELGIANS 25
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LIDICE 260 Lidice. A Czech town loc
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LONDON CHARTER 262 West, and among
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LUKIC, MILAN 264 Ghetto, between ei
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“MACHETE GENOCIDE” 266 conseque
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MAN IN THE GLASS BOOTH, THE 268 Man
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MARR, WILHELM 270 program of transf
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MASS RAPE AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANI
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McCLOSKEY, FRANK 274 McCloskey, Fra
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MEDIA, INCITING GENOCIDE 276 agenci
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MÉNDEZ, JUAN E. 278 through omissi
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MÉTIS PEOPLE 280 The attitude of t
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MILGRAM, STANLEY 282 countryside la
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MILOSEVIC, SLOBODAN 284 themselves
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MISSION MANDATE 286 the exterminati
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MOGADISHU 288 genocides, but a prob
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MORIORI PEOPLE, GENOCIDE OF 290 upo
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MOUVEMENT RÉVOLUTIONNAIRE NATIONAL
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MULTILATERAL AID 294 transformation
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MYTH OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 296 W
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NAMA PEOPLE, GENOCIDE OF 298 Soon a
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NATION-BUILDING 300 its ranks peopl
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NATO AND THE KOSOVO INTERVENTION 30
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NEO-NAZISM 304 arrested and tried b
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NEWS MEDIA 306 of all were devalued
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NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 308 I
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NUBA 310 28, 1965. At the heart of
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NUREMBERG PRINCIPLES 312 at the ann
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O Obote, Milton (1924-2005). Former
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“OLD PEOPLE,” CAMBODIA 316 Ogil
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OPERATION CONDOR 318 that any Sovie
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OPERATION MENU 320 Operation Menu.
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OPERATION TURQUOISE 322 hundred air
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ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY 324 O
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OTTOMAN EMPIRE 326 Other groups tar
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PEACE ENFORCEMENT 328 Independent S
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PEOPLE OF INTEGRITY 330 Peace Prize
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PIONEERS OF GENOCIDE STUDIES 332 Sp
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POL POT 334 describing anti-Jewish
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POLITICAL KILLINGS 336 (UN Economic
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POTOCARI 338 million Gypsies were k
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PRECONDITIONS OF GENOCIDE 340 The w
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PREVENT INTERNATIONAL NEWS MONITOR
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PROPAGANDA 344 taken into Allied cu
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PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION 346
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PURIFICATION, METAPHORS OF 348 All
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R Racak Massacre. On January 8, 199
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RACIAL STATE 352 of those with crim
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RADIO-TÉLÉVISION LIBRE DES MILLE
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RAPE CAMPS, FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 356 s
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RASSENKAMPF 358 composed of a well-
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REEVES, ERIC 360 than a moral imper
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REPATRIATION 362 Historically, inst
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RESERVE POLICE BATTALION 101 364 pr
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REVOLUTION AND GENOCIDE 366 The ter
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RIGHTEOUS AMONG THE NATIONS 368 reg
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ROADBLOCKS, RWANDAN GENOCIDE 370 Hy
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ROOSEVELT, ELEANOR 372 the UN Gener
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RTS TV OR SERBIAN TELEVISION 374 ed
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RULES OF ENGAGEMENT 376 strategy of
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RUTAGANDA, GEORGES ANDERSON NDERBUM
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RWANDAN GENOCIDE, CHURCHES' ROLE 38
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RWANDAN GOVERNMENT FORCES 382 To be
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S Safe Areas. Safe areas are locati
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SAND CREEK MASSACRE 386 Sand Creek
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SAVE DARFUR COALITION 388 taken fro
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SCHREIBTISCHTATER 390 and more acts
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SERBIAN TELEVISION 392 upon and bei
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“SHEEP TO THE SLAUGHTER” 394
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SIMON WIESENTHAL CENTER 396 retired
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SNIPER ALLEY 398 encourage debate a
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SOCIALISM 400 Pot’s (1925-1998) K
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SON SEN 402 (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanza
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SPECIES CONSCIOUSNESS 404 and sover
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SS (SCHUTZSTAFFEL) 406 seven and a
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STABILIZATION FORCE 408 of the skul
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STATE COMMISSION FOR THE FREE TRANS
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STREICHER, JULIUS 412 among people
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T Ta Mok (c. 1926-2006). Mok, or Ta
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TAMERLANE 416 acquitted. The jury w
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TEHLIRIAN, SOGHOMON 418 former Yugo
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THERESIENSTADT 420 Theresienstadt (
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TIMUR, AMIR 422 better economic con
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TOPF, J. A., AND SONS 424 Tito’s
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TOTALLY UNOFFICIAL MAN 426 Totally
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TRANSACTION PUBLISHERS 428 weather
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TRUCE, THE 430 community to save (b
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TUTSI 432 never-ending stream of pr
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TYPOLOGIES OF GENOCIDE 434 genocide
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UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSION F
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UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION 438 matte
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UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FO
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UNITED NATIONS PROTECTED SITES IN R
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UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RES
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UNITED NATIONS VOLUNTARY MILITARY F
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UNITED STATES COMMITTEE FOR REFUGEE
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UNPROFOR 450 UNPROFOR. See United N
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UTILITARIAN GENOCIDE 452 challenged
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V Van Anraat, Frans (b. 1942). A Du
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VERNICHTUNGSLAGER 456 arbeit (destr
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VIETNAM INTERVENTION IN CAMBODIA 45
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VOICES FROM THE LAKE 460 groups wit
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VUKOVAR 462 hundred thousand Hungar
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W Waldheim, Kurt (1918-2007). Kurt
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WAR AND GENOCIDE 466 Following the
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WEHRMACHT 468 letters—not to ment
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“WHO REMEMBERS THE ARMENIANS?”
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WILDE-KZ 472 He was born in Buczacz
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WOUNDED KNEE 474 that the term batt
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- Page 513 and 514: BIBLIOGRAPHY 488 Bloxham, Donald. T
- Page 515 and 516: BIBLIOGRAPHY 490 Cocker, Mark. Rive
- Page 517 and 518: BIBLIOGRAPHY 492 Genocide in Indone
- Page 519 and 520: BIBLIOGRAPHY 494 Lifton, Robert Jay
- Page 521 and 522: BIBLIOGRAPHY 496 Hilberg, Raul. The
- Page 523 and 524: BIBLIOGRAPHY 498 Shattuck, John.
- Page 525 and 526: BIBLIOGRAPHY 500 Miller, J. R. Skys
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- Page 529 and 530: BIBLIOGRAPHY 504 United Nations Gun
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