Dictionary of Genocide - D Ank Unlimited

PEACE ENFORCEMENT
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Independent State of Croatia during World War II. Among his sobriquets was “Butcher
of the Balkans.” (He has also been referred to as the “Croatian Attila the Hun.”) Born in
the small village of Bradina, southwest of Sarajevo, he later moved to Zagreb to study and
receive his law degree from the University of Zagreb. As a young man he was already
involved in rightist extremist activities; in 1927, for example, he defended Macedonian
terrorists at their trial in Skopje. That same year he was elected to the Zagreb City
Council, founding the Utashe two years later. After the successful German invasion of
Yugoslavia, he returned from Italy, where he had fled in 1934 because of his involvement
in the assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and French Foreign
Minister Louis Barthou (1862–1934) in Marseilles, France, and became leader of the
Independent State of Croatia. He was directly responsible for organizing and implementing
a campaign of genocidal terror and brutality, said to be unrivalled even by the Nazis
themselves, against Jews, Serbs, Roma, Sinti, and communists. It is estimated that those
murdered under his regime numbered between three hundred thousand and 1 million. At
the end of World War II, Pavelic fled first to Austria and later to Rome, where he was
hidden by members of the Roman Catholic Church, which ultimately aided his departure
to Argentina. There he became a security advisor to its fascist leader Juan Peron
(1895–1974) until an assassination attempt in 1957 led him to flee to Spain. He died in
Madrid two years later of complications from his wounds.
Peace Enforcement. Peace enforcement comes into play when certain aspects of a UN
peacekeeping effort become unenforceable (which often results from a hostile environment).
In such cases, a peacekeeping mandate is enlarged to peace enforcement (also
sometimes referred to as “robust peacekeeping”), and military force is applied in order to
compel or force individuals, groups, militia, and state military forces to comply with UN
Security Council resolutions. Among some of the many operations undertaken by a peace
enforcement mission are stanching the recurrence of warfare, providing protection for the
delivery of humanitarian aid, guarding “safe areas,” and disarming belligerents. Some have
claimed that the very concept of “peace enforcement” is a contradiction in terms, an oxymoron,
for peace and military force are polar opposites. Some have argued that when a
peacekeeping mission moves to one of peace enforcement, “core elements of traditional
peacekeeping”—the peacekeepers’ neutral role in the conflict, the nonuse of force, and
the consent of the belligerent parties to allow outside involvement—fall by the wayside.
Others argue that many of the great failures of the recent past by the United Nations to
prevent crimes against humanity and/or genocide have been due to the fact that it has
tried to force a Chapter VI (peacekeeping mission) into a situation (generally violent)
that requires a Chapter VII (peace enforcement) mandate. As the cliché now has it,
“When there is no peace to keep, there is no point in deploying a peacekeeping mission,”
what is called for instead is the imposition of a peace enforcement (Chapter VII) mandate.
Peace Maintenance. In 1995 Jarat Chopra, a research associate and lecturer in international
law at the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies at Brown
University (Providence, Rhode Island), coined the term peace maintenance. Ultimately,
Chopra defined the term “peace maintenance” as follows: “a comprehensive political
strategy for pulling together all forms of intervention and assistance that may be
required when state institutions fail (or risk failing) and the ‘warlord syndrome’
emerges.” The actual feasibility of putting the latter into effect has met with great skepticism
by numerous actors in the field. Be that as it may, the field of peace operations is