Dictionary of Genocide - D Ank Unlimited

FASCISM
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deterioration of the workers themselves. Brought to trial at the end of World War II, most
of I. G. Farben’s leadership escaped punishment; those who went to prison were all
released by 1951. Compensation was paid to Jewish prisoners, whereas none was made to
non-Jewish prisoners.
Fascism. A political movement born out of the intellectual ferment following World
War I, which was strongest in Europe, but had numerous variants in other parts of the
world. Fascism reached its peak in the two decades prior to 1945, though it has prevailed
as an important force in many countries since then. Fascism can be characterized as a
movement that defines itself more by what it stands against rather than what it stands for;
hence, during the period between the 1920s and 1940s, it was anticommunist, antiliberal,
anti-Marxist and antiindividualist. Fascism’s only goal was the strengthening of the state
over the liberalizing forces that could weaken it, and as a result fascists advocated a strong
central government (depending on local variants, even a one-party state or a dictatorship),
mass obedience, a party army, suppression of trade unions and civil liberties groups,
a culture of youth glorification, and a rigorous repression of dissent. Groups adhering to
fascism attained political office in a number of European countries before 1945, notably
Italy, Portugal, and Spain. It had an impact (sometimes powerfully) on local politics in
France, Austria, Britain, Hungary, Romania, and elsewhere; and fascist movements or parties
also appeared in most other Western democratic countries. Fascism is a right-wing
ideology, but it is not conservative; in its purest form, it can be socially and economically
radical, even revolutionary, while always invoking the ideals of a lost “golden age” as
something to which the modern nation should seek to return. By manipulating the organs
of the mass media, education, and popular culture to the greater glory of the state, fascism
offers many people an emotional anchor at a time of increasing social alienation and fragmentation.
Its potential as a genocidal force, however, lay in its tendency toward dictatorship,
its inclusivity of all members of the nation, its utter rejection of those perceived
not to fit into it, its glorification of the military, and its rejection of individualism and
humanitarian values in favor of the sanctification and elevation of the state.
Faurisson, Robert (b. 1929). According to numerous Holocaust denialist publications and
web sites, Robert Faurisson is presently Europe’s leading “scholar” of the Holocaust denial
movement. From 1974 to 1990 he was a professor of literature at the University of Lyon,
France, but was dismissed because of his denial of the Holocaust. He has extensive publications
that both question and deny the historical veracity of much of the Holocaust, including
the gas chambers at Auschwitz. He has been subject to physical attack for his views
which, he claims, are the result of those who disagree with him. He continues to write and
lecture in English; much of his work has been published in the pseudo-scholarly Journal of
Historical Review, published by the Institute of Historical Review, Newport Beach, California.
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was
the name taken in 1992 by Serbia and Montenegro, two of the six former Yugoslavian
republics, following the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The FRY was known by that name
between 1992 and 2003, at which point the country changed its name to the Republic of
Serbia and Montenegro.
Financial Sanctions. Financial sanctions are applied against countries by either the
international community (e.g., the United Nations), regional organizations (e.g., the
European Union), or individual states for what is perceived as egregious behavior by an
individual state. The most common types of financial sanctions are those that freeze gov-