Dictionary of Genocide - D Ank Unlimited

of driving their heavy weapons capacity away from the cities and closing down the Serbs’
ability to so aggress. In enforcing the heavy weapons exclusion zones, NATO developed
what became known as Operation Deny Flight, a system of providing close air support for
UN troops on the ground, and as a mechanism for heavy weapons exclusion. The concept
received a major setback in the aftermath of the fall of the UN “safe area” Srebrenica in
mid-July 1995, though air strikes against Serb positions continued to take place until the
end of the war was in sight, late in October 1995.
Hegemonial Genocide. A classification of genocide identified by U.S. political
scientists Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr in 1988. In Harff and Gurr’s taxonomy,
genocide can be categorized into two types: hegemonial and xenophobic. A hegemonial
genocide—Harff and Gurr’s elementary type—is one involving mass murders of specific
ethnic, religious, or national groups (and presumably racial groups, though this category
is not itemized) that have been forced to submit to a central authority. This could be for
reasons of state building or during a period of national expansion; implied within this is
the notion that government (“a central authority”) is the driving force behind genocidal
destruction.
In contradistinction, xenophobic genocide bases itself upon the innate differences
between human beings and groups, and, by promoting such differences, encourages fear of
the other, potentially leading to genocidal acts.
Hegemony. A term that refers to the domination of a region or the world by a single state.
It also refers to the overwhelming power of a single state within the international system.
Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976). Pioneering German philosopher in the fields of phenomenology
(the study of human experience) and ontology (the study of human
existence), Heidegger was born in southwest Germany and originally had intended to join
the Jesuit priesthood. For possible health and other reasons, however, he redirected his
energies at Freiburg University from theology to philosophy, receiving his doctorate in
1913. His fame as a philosopher rests, primarily, on his masterwork Sein und Zeit (Being and
Time), wherein he attempted to understand the very meaning of human existence both
generally and concretely as activity, despite its inherent limitations.
World War I saw him briefly serving in the army twice, but both times he was
discharged for health reasons. In 1923 he was able to secure an academic position at
Marburg University. He returned to Freiburg as its rector in 1933, the same year he joined
the Nazi Party. During that initial period, he seems to have been a supporter of national
socialism, and, in pursuit of Nazi aims, dismissed the Jewish faculty at Freiburg. Though
he resigned his position one year later and took no further active political role,
controversy continues to surround his seemingly pro-Nazi sympathies, based largely upon
his inaugural address as rector (“The Self-Affirmation of the German University”), which
stressed the involvement and cooperation of higher education in support of Nazi political
and military aims. With Germany’s defeat in World War II, he was forbidden to teach
from 1945 through 1949 because of his initial involvement with and support of national
socialism; after 1949, having completed the Allied program of “denazification,” he was
then cleared to resume his teaching career.
Even after World War II, he never formally renounced national socialism, its genocidal
antisemitism, or his own involvement.
Ironically, for one affiliated with the Nazi party, he was, for a brief time, the lover of his
Jewish student, Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), whose own philosophical ideas regarding
HEIDEGGER, MARTIN
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