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George Orwell 1 9 8 4<br />

empirical method of thought, on which all the<br />

scientific achievements of the past were foun<strong>de</strong>d,<br />

is opposed to the most fundamental principles of<br />

Ingsoc. And even technological progress only<br />

happens when its products can in some way be<br />

used for the diminution of human liberty. In all the<br />

useful arts the world is either standing still or<br />

going backwards. The fields are cultivated with<br />

horse-ploughs while books are written by<br />

machinery. But in matters of vital importance—<br />

meaning, in effect, war and police espionage—the<br />

empirical approach is still encouraged, or at least<br />

tolerated. The two aims of the Party are to conquer<br />

the whole surface of the earth and to extinguish<br />

once and for all the possibility of in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

thought. There are therefore two great problems<br />

which the Party is concerned to solve. One is how<br />

to discover, against his will, what another human<br />

being is thinking, and the other is how to kill<br />

several hundred million people in a few seconds<br />

without giving warning beforehand. In so far as<br />

scientific research still continues, this is its subject<br />

matter. The scientist of today is either a mixture of<br />

psychologist and inquisitor, studying with real<br />

ordinary minuteness the meaning of facial<br />

expressions, gestures, and tones of voice, and<br />

testing the truth-producing effects of drugs, shock<br />

therapy, hypnosis, and physical torture; or he is<br />

chemist, physicist, or biologist concerned only<br />

with such branches of his special subject as are<br />

relevant to the taking of life. In the vast<br />

laboratories of the Ministry of Peace, and in the<br />

experimental stations hid<strong>de</strong>n in the Brazilian<br />

forests, or in the Australian <strong>de</strong>sert, or on lost<br />

islands of the Antarctic, the teams of experts are<br />

in<strong>de</strong>fatigably at work. Some are concerned simply<br />

with planning the logistics of future wars; others<br />

<strong>de</strong>vise larger and larger rocket bombs, more and<br />

more powerful explosives, and more and more<br />

impenetrable armour-plating; others search for<br />

new and <strong>de</strong>adlier gases, or for soluble poisons<br />

capable of being produced in such quantities as to<br />

<strong>de</strong>stroy the vegetation of whole continents, or for<br />

breeds of disease germs immunized against all<br />

possible antibodies; others strive to produce a<br />

vehicle that shall bore its way un<strong>de</strong>r the soil like a<br />

submarine un<strong>de</strong>r the water, or an aeroplane as<br />

in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt of its base as a sailing-ship; others<br />

explore even remoter possibilities such as focusing<br />

the sun's rays through lenses suspen<strong>de</strong>d thousands<br />

of kilometres away in space, or producing artificial<br />

224<br />

empírico <strong>de</strong> pensamiento, en el cual se basaron<br />

todos los a<strong>de</strong>lantos científicos <strong>de</strong>l pasado, es<br />

opuesto a los principios fundamentales <strong>de</strong> Ingsoc. E<br />

incluso el progreso técnico sólo existe cuando sus<br />

productos pue<strong>de</strong>n ser empleados para disminuir la<br />

libertad humana.<br />

»Las dos finalida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l Partido son conquistar<br />

toda la superficie <strong>de</strong> la Tierra y extinguir <strong>de</strong> una<br />

vez para siempre la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> toda libertad <strong>de</strong>l<br />

pensamiento. Hay, por tanto, dos gran<strong>de</strong>s<br />

problemas que ha <strong>de</strong> resolver el Partido. Uno es el<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scubrir, contra la voluntad <strong>de</strong>l interesado, lo<br />

que está pensando <strong>de</strong>terminado ser humano, y el<br />

otro es cómo suprimir, en pocos segundos y sin<br />

previo aviso, a varios centenares <strong>de</strong> millones <strong>de</strong><br />

personas. Éste es el principal objetivo <strong>de</strong> las<br />

investigaciones científicas. El hombre <strong>de</strong> ciencia<br />

actual es una mezcla <strong>de</strong> psicólogo y policía que<br />

estudia con extraordinaria minuciosidad el<br />

significado <strong>de</strong> las expresiones faciales, gestos y<br />

tonos <strong>de</strong> voz, los efectos <strong>de</strong> las drogas que obligan<br />

a <strong>de</strong>cir la verdad, la terapéutica <strong>de</strong>l shock, <strong>de</strong>l<br />

hipnotismo y <strong>de</strong> la tortura física; y si es un químico,<br />

un físico o un biólogo, sólo se preocupará por<br />

aquellas ramas que <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> su especialidad sirvan<br />

para matar. En los gran<strong>de</strong>s laboratorios <strong>de</strong>l<br />

Ministerio <strong>de</strong> la Paz, en las estaciones<br />

experimentales ocultas en las selvas brasileñas, en<br />

el <strong>de</strong>sierto australiano o en las islas perdidas <strong>de</strong>l<br />

Atlántico, trabajan incansablemente los equipos<br />

técnicos. Unos se <strong>de</strong>dican sólo a planear la logística<br />

<strong>de</strong> las guerras futuras; otros, a i<strong>de</strong>ar bombas cohete<br />

cada vez mayores, explosivos cada vez más<br />

po<strong>de</strong>rosos y corazas cada vez más impenetrables;<br />

otros buscan gases más mortíferos o venenos que<br />

puedan ser producidos en cantida<strong>de</strong>s tan inmensas<br />

que <strong>de</strong>struyan la vegetación <strong>de</strong> todo un continente,<br />

o cultivan gérmenes inmunizados contra todos los<br />

posibles antibióticos; otros se esfuerzan por<br />

producir un vehículo que se abra paso por la tierra<br />

como un submarino bajo el agua, o un aeroplano<br />

tan in<strong>de</strong>pendiente <strong>de</strong> su base como un barco en el<br />

mar, otros exploran posibilida<strong>de</strong>s aún más remotas,<br />

como la <strong>de</strong> concentrar los rayos <strong>de</strong>l sol mediante<br />

gigantescas lentes suspendidas en el espacio a miles

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