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bilingüe [pdf] - Blog de Javier Smaldone

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George Orwell 1 9 8 4<br />

to be un<strong>de</strong>sirable, the precautions against <strong>de</strong>feat<br />

had to be serious. Physical facts could not be<br />

ignored. In philosophy, or religion, or ethics, or<br />

politics, two and two might make five, but when<br />

one was <strong>de</strong>signing a gun or an aeroplane they had<br />

to make four. Inefficient nations were always<br />

conquered sooner or later, and the struggle for<br />

efficiency was inimical to illusions. Moreover, to<br />

be efficient it was necessary to be able to learn<br />

from the past, which meant having a fairly<br />

accurate i<strong>de</strong>a of what had happened in the past.<br />

Newspapers and history books were, of course,<br />

always coloured and biased, but falsification of the<br />

kind that is practised today would have been<br />

impossible. War was a sure safeguard of sanity,<br />

and so far as the ruling classes were concerned it<br />

was probably the most important of all safeguards.<br />

While wars could be won or lost, no ruling class<br />

could be completely irresponsible.<br />

But when war becomes literally continuous, it also<br />

ceases to be dangerous. When war is continuous<br />

there is no such thing as military necessity.<br />

Technical progress can cease and the most<br />

palpable facts can be <strong>de</strong>nied or disregar<strong>de</strong>d. As we<br />

have seen, researches that could be called scientific<br />

are still carried out for the purposes of war, but<br />

they are essentially a kind of daydreaming, and<br />

their failure to show results is not important.<br />

Efficiency, even military efficiency, is no longer<br />

nee<strong>de</strong>d. Nothing is efficient in Oceania except the<br />

Thought Police. Since each of the three superstates<br />

is unconquerable, each is in effect a separate<br />

universe within which almost any perversion of<br />

thought can be safely practised. Reality only exerts<br />

its pressure through the needs of everyday life—<br />

the need to eat and drink, to get shelter and<br />

clothing, to avoid swallowing poison or stepping<br />

out of top-storey windows, and the like. Between<br />

life and <strong>de</strong>ath, and between physical pleasure and<br />

physical pain, there is still a distinction, but that is<br />

all. Cut off from contact with the outer world, and<br />

with the past, the citizen of Oceania is like a man<br />

in interstellar space, who has no way of knowing<br />

which direction is up and which is down. The<br />

rulers of such a state are absolute, as the Pharaohs<br />

or the Caesars could not be. They are obliged to<br />

prevent their followers from starving to <strong>de</strong>ath in<br />

228<br />

significaba la pérdida <strong>de</strong> la in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ncia o<br />

cualquier otro resultado in<strong>de</strong>seable, habían <strong>de</strong><br />

tomar serias precauciones para evitar la <strong>de</strong>rrota.<br />

Estos hechos no podían ser ignorados. Aun<br />

admitiendo que en filosofía, en ciencia, en ética o<br />

en política dos y dos pudieran ser cinco, cuando se<br />

fabricaba un cañón o un aeroplano tenían que ser<br />

cuatro. Las naciones mal preparadas acababan<br />

siempre siendo conquistadas, y la lucha por una<br />

mayor eficacia no admitía ilusiones. A<strong>de</strong>más, para<br />

ser eficaces había que apren<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>l pasado, lo cual<br />

suponía estar bien enterado <strong>de</strong> lo ocurrido en<br />

épocas anteriores. Los periódicos y los libros <strong>de</strong><br />

historia eran parciales, naturalmente, pero habría<br />

sido imposible una falsificación como la que hoy se<br />

realiza. La guerra era una garantía <strong>de</strong> cordura. Y<br />

respecto a las clases gobernantes, era el freno más<br />

seguro. Nadie podía ser, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el po<strong>de</strong>r,<br />

absolutamente irresponsable <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el momento en<br />

que una guerra cualquiera podía ser ganada o<br />

perdida.<br />

»Pero cuando una guerra se hace continua, <strong>de</strong>ja <strong>de</strong><br />

ser peligrosa porque <strong>de</strong>saparece toda necesidad<br />

militar. El progreso técnico pue<strong>de</strong> cesar y los<br />

hechos más palpables pue<strong>de</strong>n ser negados o<br />

<strong>de</strong>scartados como cosas sin importancia. Lo único<br />

eficaz en Oceanía es la Policía <strong>de</strong>l Pensamiento.<br />

Como cada uno <strong>de</strong> los tres superestados es<br />

inconquistable, cada uno <strong>de</strong> ellos es, por tanto, un<br />

mundo separado <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l cual pue<strong>de</strong> ser<br />

practicada con toda tranquilidad cualquier<br />

perversión mental. La realidad sólo ejerce su<br />

presión sobre las necesida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> la vida cotidiana:<br />

la necesidad <strong>de</strong> comer y <strong>de</strong> beber, <strong>de</strong> vestirse y<br />

tener un techo, <strong>de</strong> no beber venenos ni caerse <strong>de</strong> las<br />

ventanas, etc... Entre la vida y la muerte, y entre el<br />

placer físico y el dolor físico, sigue habiendo una<br />

distinción, pero eso es todo. Cortados todos los<br />

contactos con el mundo exterior y con el pasado, el<br />

ciudadano <strong>de</strong> Oceanía es como un hombre en el<br />

espacio interestelar, que no tiene manera <strong>de</strong> saber<br />

por dón<strong>de</strong> se va hacia arriba y por dón<strong>de</strong> hacia<br />

abajo. Los gobernantes <strong>de</strong> un Estado como éste son<br />

absolutos como pudieran serlo los faraones o los<br />

césares. Se ven obligados a evitar que sus gentes se<br />

mueran <strong>de</strong> hambre en cantida<strong>de</strong>s excesivas, y han<br />

<strong>de</strong> mantenerse al mismo nivel <strong>de</strong> baja técnica<br />

militar que sus rivales. Pero, una vez conseguido<br />

ese mínimo, pue<strong>de</strong>n retorcer y <strong>de</strong>formar la realidad

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