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References David Rohret and Michael Kraft Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/anonymity Anonymity definition. Oct 2010. Associated Press. Teen Convicted of Illegal Net Downloads. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7122133/. March 7, 2005. Back|Track-Linux.org. VMware Fusion 3.1. http://www.backtrack-linux.org/downloads/. Oct 2010. Begun, Daniel, A. FBI Uses Spyware to Capture Cyber Criminals. Hothardware.com, Monday, April 20, 2009. http://hothardware.com/News/FBI-Uses-Spyware-to-Capture-Cyber-Criminals/. 1 Oct 2010. Bradley, Tony. NSA 'Perfect Citizen' Raises 'Big Brother' Concerns, PC World, July 08, 2010 02:02 PM ET, http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/070810-nsa-perfect-citizen-raises-big.html. Oct 2010. Fenwick, Samual, Dr. Cyber security – believe the hype? Industrial Fuels and Power. http://www.ifandp.com/article/006583.html. August 18, 2010. FinCEN. http://www.fincen.gov/. Oct 2010. Furio Gaming. http://www.furiogaming.com/index.php?page=home. Oct 2010. Golubev, Vladimir. International Cooperation in Fighting Cybercrime. Computer Crime Research Center, http://www.crime-research.org/articles/Golubev0405. April 16 2005. Hazel Morgan, e. C. (2010, March). Information on How Proxies Work. Retrieved October 12, 2010, from eHOW: http://www.ehow.com/facts_6054712_information-proxies-work.html. HideMyAss.com; Anonymous remailer and proxy service, http://www.HideMyAss.com. April 13, 2010. IMDB. 24 (2001 - 2010). http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0285331/. Oct 2010. IMDB. Live Free or Die Hard (2007). http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0337978/. Oct 2010. Kimery, Anthony. Big Brother Wants to Look in your Bank Account http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.06/big.brother_pr.html. 25 Sep 2010. Markoff, John. Surveillance of Skype Messages Found in China. New York Times: Internet. 1 October, 2008. Microsoft. Microsoft Virtual PC 2007. http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyId=04D26402- 3199-48A3-AFA2-2DC0B40A73B6&displaylang=en. Oct 2010. Myrli, Sverre. 173 DSCFC 09 E bis – NATO and Cyber Defence. NATO Parliamentary Assembly, http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=1782. Sep 10 2010. NIST. National Institute of Standards and Technologies. http://csrc.nist.gov/ Oct 2010. Oracle. Oracle VM VirtualBox. http://dlc.sun.com/virtualbox/vboxdownload.html. Oct 2010. Reuters. Google, NSA to team up in cyberattack probe. February 4, 2010. Rohret, David, M. And Jett, Andrew. Red Teaming; A Guide to Non-kinetic Warfare. 2009. Ross, Brian. Federal Source to ABC News: We Know Who You're Calling. ABC News. http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2006/05/federal_source_.html. May 15, 2006. SHODAN. http://www.shodanhq.com/. Oct 2010. Sourceforge. (n.d.). Darik's Boot And Nuke (DBAN). http://www.dban.org/. Oct 2010. SourceForge. http://sourceforge.net/projects/spoof-me-now/files/Spoof-Me- Now%20%28No%20Installer%29.zip/download. September 2010. Ultimate-Anonymity. Anonymous remailer and proxy service. http://www.ultimate-anonymity.com/ July 7, 2010. USAid.gov. www.usaid.gov. http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/500/d522022m.pdf. October 2010. Vourdas, A., and Sanders, B. Determination of quantized electromagnetic-field state via electron interferometry 1998 Europhys. Lett. 43 659 doi: 10.1209/epl/i1998-00414-0. Whitehead, Tim. Every email and web site to be stored. Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8075563/Every-email-and-website-to-be-stored.html 20 Oct 2010. Wikipedia. (2010, July 14). Anonymous remailer. Retrieved October 12, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_remailer. Worldnet. the State of being anonymous; nameless. http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=anonymity: Oct 2010. 220
Neutrality in the Context of Cyberwar Julie Ryan 1 and Daniel Ryan 2 1 The George Washington University, Washington, USA 2 National Defense University, Washington, USA jjchryan@gwu.edu ryand@ndu.edu Abstract: This paper will examine the legal antecedents of the concepts of neutrality and current enforceability of declarations of neutrality in the context of information operations amongst belligerents. This is a non-trivial point of understanding, given the potential for belligerents to use and abuse infrastructure elements owned and/or operated by nation states desiring to remain neutral. The analysis will consider the instantiated concepts of neutrality, the potential for expanding or contracting the concepts of neutrality in the context of cyberwar, and the possibility of erosion of neutrality in cyberwar scenarios. We have a notion enshrined in international law that says that you don't lose your neutrality if belligerents use your telephone lines or telegraph lines to communicate even if they are crossing your territory, even if they are passing operational orders. The problem with cyberwar is that they are potentially not just transferring orders but also potentially weapons -- cyber-weapons. So it becomes a more complex problem and the challenge is to understand at what point the nation state should be required to act, or if such a point exists at all. This analysis will examine the intersection between technology and law in regards to this issue. Keywords: neutrality; law of armed conflict; international humanitarian law; cyberwar 1. War and the laws of armed conflict During less than one percent of the last two million or so years of human evolution has agriculture and animal husbandry replaced the hunter-gatherer existence as a characteristic way of life. (Gat 2006, p. 4) During the hunter-gatherer phase, humans engaged in endemic primitive warfare. (Keegan 1193, p. 5 and pp. 115ff) As technology evolved, it influenced – and was influenced by – warfare, producing revolutions in military affairs. (Boot 2006, p. 8) The longbow, stirrups, gunpowder, conoidal bullets, machine guns, aircraft, radar, sonar, rockets and spacecraft, and now computers and precisionguided weapons, are but a small sample of the technologies that have continuously changed the face of warfare throughout history. As warfare became the province of nation-states, belligerencies between and among nations led to some states declaring their intent to remain neutral, and the development of conditions under which their neutrality was recognized by the belligerents and other conditions under which neutrality was lost. This paper addresses modern concepts of neutrality, and explores the potential for, and perhaps need to, change our concepts of neutrality in the context of cyberwar as information technologies change warfare as it was previously practiced. War is “a condition of armed hostility between States,” (Hyde 1945, p. 1686. Cited in Elsea & Grimmett 2007, p. 23) or “a contention, through the use of armed force, between states, undertaken for the purpose of overpowering another.” (von Glahn 1992. p. 669. Cited in Elsea & Grimmett 2007, p. 23) War is “an armed conflict, or a state of belligerence, between two factions, states, nations, coalitions or combinations thereof. Hostilities between the opponents may be initiated with or without a formal declaration by any of the parties that a state of war exists.” (Dupuy, p. 261) Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BCE) famously said in an oration, Pro Tito Annio Milone ad iudicem oratio (Pro Milone), in defense of Titus Annius Milo, who had been accused of murdering Publius Clodius Pulcher, a political enemy, “Silent enim leges inter arma” (the law is silent in times of war), (Clark 1907) but his assertion wasn’t true in antiquity, and isn’t true today. Except in limited conditions, war was made illegal by the Charter of the United Nations, which is a treaty among the world’s nations signed in the aftermath of World War II, a terrible conflict in which some fifty million (perhaps as many as eighty million) died worldwide. (White 2005) Article 2(4) of the Charter provides that, “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.” However, Article 51 makes use of military force is permissible in self-defense, and Article 42 makes military force permissible if authorized by the Security Council. When military force is used, its use is subject to other treaties that limit the nature and extent of force that may be employed in achieving military objectives. Philosophers, statesmen and military 221
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The Proceedings of the 6th Internat
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Contents Paper Title Author(s) Page
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Preface These Proceedings are the w
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Biographies of contributing authors
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Department of Computer Science, IQR
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Using the Longest Common Substring
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Jaime Acosta Some techniques that u
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Jaime Acosta assigned by an anti-vi
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Jaime Acosta Cormen, T.H., Leiserso
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Hind Al Falasi and Liren Zhang tran
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Hind Al Falasi and Liren Zhang ther
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Hind Al Falasi and Liren Zhang the
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Edwin Leigh Armistead and Thomas Mu
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Deception Operations Security (OPS
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The Uses and Limits of Game Theory
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3. Limits to using game theory 3.1
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Merritt Baer Effective cyberintrusi
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Merritt Baer 1.5), there seems to b
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Merritt Baer Report of the Defense
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Ivan Burke and Renier van Heerden F
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Ivan Burke and Renier van Heerden a
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Marco Carvalho et al. systems start
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Marco Carvalho et al. Benatallah, 2
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Marco Carvalho et al. management la
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Marco Carvalho et al. Figure 4: Sta
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Marco Carvalho et al. Sorrels, D.,
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Manoj Cherukuri and Srinivas Mukkam
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. to see bo
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. trivial.
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. socially
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. The views
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Vincent Garramone and Daniel Likari
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Stephen Groat et al. Sections 4 and
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Stephen Groat et al. probability fo
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Stephen Groat et al. host. In this
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Stephen Groat et al. changing addre
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Marthie Grobler et al. leadership,
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Marthie Grobler et al. apply to sta
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Marthie Grobler et al. 6. Working t
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Cyber Strategy and the Law of Armed
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Ulf Haeussler Alliance and Allies r
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Ulf Haeussler following the invocat
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Ulf Haeussler NCSA (2009) NCSA Supp
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Karim Hamza and Van Dalen of respon
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Karim Hamza and Van Dalen From a mi
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Karim Hamza and Van Dalen productiv
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Intelligence-Driven Computer Networ
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Eric Hutchins et al. of defensive a
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Eric Hutchins et al. Defenders can
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Eric Hutchins et al. Equally as imp
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Eric Hutchins et al. X-Mailer: Yaho
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Eric Hutchins et al. Received: (qma
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Eric Hutchins et al. U.S.-China Eco
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Saara Jantunen and Aki-Mauri Huhtin
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Brian Jewell and Justin Beaver In t
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Brian Jewell and Justin Beaver Figu
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4. Evaluation Brian Jewell and Just
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Brian Jewell and Justin Beaver othe
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Detection of YASS Using Calibration
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Kesav Kancherla and Srinivas Mukkam
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M M M Su−2 Sv ∑∑ u= 1 v= 1 h(
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5.2 ROC curves Kesav Kancherla and
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Developing a Knowledge System for I
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Louise Leenen et al. We distinction
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Louise Leenen et al. There is growi
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3.1 Needs analysis Louise Leenen et
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Louise Leenen et al. Kroenke, D.M.
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Jose Mas y Rubi et al. As we can se
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Figure 2: CALEA forensic model (Pel
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Jose Mas y Rubi et al. Table 2: Com
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Jose Mas y Rubi et al. Another pend
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Page 213 and 214: Alexandru Nitu Article 51 restricts
Page 215 and 216: Alexandru Nitu As IW strategy and t
Page 217 and 218: Cyberwarfare and Anonymity Christop
Page 219 and 220: Christopher Perr attacks again help
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Page 225 and 226: David Rohret and Michael Kraft reve
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Page 229: Data (Evidence) Removal Shield Davi
Page 233 and 234: Julie Ryan and Daniel Ryan 18th cen
Page 235 and 236: Julie Ryan and Daniel Ryan “Decla
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Page 239 and 240: Harm Schotanus et al. In the remain
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Page 277 and 278: 4. Conclusion Namosha Veerasamy and
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Tanya Zlateva et al. security and v
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Tanya Zlateva et al. court opinions
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Tanya Zlateva et al. 5. Pedagogy, e
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PhD Research Papers 277
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Shada Alsalamah et al. Level 3 all
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Shada Alsalamah et al. assure the a
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Shada Alsalamah et al. for Health I
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3. Hematology Laboratory System Who
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Shada Alsalamah et al. Pirnejad, H.
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Michael Bilzor a diverse base of U.
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Michael Bilzor In our current exper
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5. Execution monitor theory Michael
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Michael Bilzor design was run in si
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Michael Bilzor over testbench metho
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Evan Dembskey and Elmarie Biermann
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Theoretical Offensive Cyber Militia
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Rain Ottis Last, but not least, it
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Rain Ottis an infantry battalion, w
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Rain Ottis Ottis, R. (2008) “Anal
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Work in Progress Papers 315
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Large-Scale Analysis of Continuous
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References William Acosta Abadi, D.
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Natarajan Vijayarangan top box unit
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Natarajan Vijayarangan The proposed
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