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Evan Dembskey and Elmarie Biermann Stone-Gross, B., Cova, M., Cavallaro, L., Gilbert, B. & Szydlowski, M. 2009. Your Botnet is My Botnet: Analysis of a Botnet Takeover. Proceedings of the 16 th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. CCS’09, November 9–13, 2009, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Stytz, M.R. & Banks, S.B. 2008, Toward Intelligent Agents For Detecting Cyberattacks Thawonmas, R. Kashifuji, Y. & Chen, K. 2008. Detection of MMORPG Bots Based on Behavior Analysis. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology. Yokohama, Japan. Villamarín-Salomón, R. & Brustoloni, JC. 2009. Bayesian Bot Detection Based on DNS Traffic Similarity. Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing, SAC’09, March 8-12, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Wang, Y., Gu, D., Xu, J. & Du, H. 2009. Hacking Risk Analysis of Web Trojan in Electric Power System. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Information Systems and Mining. Shanghai, China. Williams, C.W. 2008,, Carpet bombing in cyberspace - May 2008 - Armed Forces Journal - Military Strategy, Global Defense Strategy. Available: http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2008/05/3375884 [2010, 7/20/2010]. Yampolskiy, RV. & Govindaraju, V. 2008. Embedded Non-interactive Continuous Bot Detection. ACM Computers in Entertainment, Vol. 5, No. 4, Article 7. Publication Date: March 2008. Xie, Y., Yu, F., Achan, K., Panigrahy, R., Hulten, G. & Osipkov, I. 2008. Spamming Botnets: Signatures and Characteristics. Proceedings of th 2008 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures and Protocols for Computer Communications,SIGCOMM’08, August 17–22, 2008, Seattle, Washington. 306
Theoretical Offensive Cyber Militia Models Rain Ottis Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Tallinn, Estonia rain.ottis@ccdcoe.org Abstract. Volunteer based non-state actors have played an important part in many international cyber conflicts of the past two decades. In order to better understand this threat I describe three theoretical models for volunteer based offensive cyber militias: the Forum, the Cell and the Hierarchy. The Forum is an ad-hoc cyber militia form that is organized around a central communications platform, where the members share information and tools necessary to carry out cyber attacks against their chosen adversary. The Cell model refers to hacker cells, which engage in politically motivated hacking over extended periods of time. The Hierarchy refers to the traditional hierarchical model, which may be encountered in government sponsored volunteer organizations, as well as in cohesive self-organized non-state actors. For each model, I give an example and describe the model’s attributes, strengths and weaknesses using qualitative analysis. The models are based on expert opinion on different types of cyber militias that have been seen in cyber conflicts. These theoretical models provide a framework for categorizing volunteer based offensive cyber militias of non-trivial size. Keywords: cyber conflict, cyber militia, cyber attack, patriotic hacking, on-line communities 1. Introduction The widespread application of Internet services has given rise to a new contested space, where people with conflicting ideals or values strive to succeed, sometimes by attacking the systems and services of the other side. It is interesting to note that in most public cases of cyber conflict the offensive side is not identified as a state actor, at least not officially. Instead, it often looks like citizens take part in hactivist campaigns or patriotic hacking on their own, volunteering for the cyber front. Cases like the 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia are a good example where an informal non-state cyber militia has become a threat to national security. In order to understand the threat posed by these volunteer cyber militias I provide three models of how such groups can be organized and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each. The three models considered are the Forum, the Cell and the Hierarchy. The models are applicable to groups of non-trivial size, which require internal assignment of responsibilities and authority. 1.1 Method and limitations In this paper I use theoretical qualitative analysis in order to describe the attributes, strengths and weaknesses of three offensively oriented cyber militia models. I have chosen the three plausible models based on what can be observed in recent cyber conflicts. The term model refers to an abstract description of relationships between members of the cyber militia, including command, control and mentoring relationships, as well as the operating principles of the militia. Note, however, that the description of the models is based on theoretical reasoning and expert opinion. It offers abstract theoretical models in an ideal setting. There may not be a full match to any of them in reality or in the examples provided. It is more likely to see either combinations of different models or models that do not match the description in full. On the other hand, the models should serve as useful frameworks for analyzing volunteer groups in the current and coming cyber conflicts. In preparing this work, I communicated with and received feedback from a number of recognized experts in the field of cyber conflict research. I wish to thank them all for providing comments on my proposed models: Prof Dorothy Denning (Naval Postgraduate School), Dr Jose Nazario (Arbor Networks), Prof Samuel Liles (Purdue University Calumet), Mr Jeffrey Carr (Greylogic) and Mr Kenneth Geers (Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence). 2. The forum The global spread of the Internet allows people to connect easily and form „cyber tribes“, which can range from benign hobby groups to antagonistic ad-hoc cyber militias. (Williams 2007, Ottis 2008, Carr 2009, Nazario 2009, Denning 2010) In the case of an ad-hoc cyber militia, the Forum unites likeminded people who are “willing and able to use cyber attacks in order to achieve a political goal.“ 307
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The Proceedings of the 6th Internat
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Contents Paper Title Author(s) Page
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Preface These Proceedings are the w
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Biographies of contributing authors
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Department of Computer Science, IQR
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Using the Longest Common Substring
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Jaime Acosta Some techniques that u
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Jaime Acosta assigned by an anti-vi
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Jaime Acosta Cormen, T.H., Leiserso
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Hind Al Falasi and Liren Zhang tran
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Hind Al Falasi and Liren Zhang ther
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Hind Al Falasi and Liren Zhang the
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Edwin Leigh Armistead and Thomas Mu
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Deception Operations Security (OPS
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The Uses and Limits of Game Theory
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3. Limits to using game theory 3.1
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Merritt Baer Effective cyberintrusi
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Merritt Baer 1.5), there seems to b
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Merritt Baer Report of the Defense
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Ivan Burke and Renier van Heerden F
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Ivan Burke and Renier van Heerden a
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Marco Carvalho et al. systems start
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Marco Carvalho et al. Benatallah, 2
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Marco Carvalho et al. management la
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Marco Carvalho et al. Figure 4: Sta
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Marco Carvalho et al. Sorrels, D.,
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Manoj Cherukuri and Srinivas Mukkam
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. to see bo
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. trivial.
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. socially
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Mecealus Cronkrite et al. The views
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Vincent Garramone and Daniel Likari
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Stephen Groat et al. Sections 4 and
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Stephen Groat et al. probability fo
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Stephen Groat et al. host. In this
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Stephen Groat et al. changing addre
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Marthie Grobler et al. leadership,
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Marthie Grobler et al. apply to sta
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Marthie Grobler et al. 6. Working t
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Cyber Strategy and the Law of Armed
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Ulf Haeussler Alliance and Allies r
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Ulf Haeussler following the invocat
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Ulf Haeussler NCSA (2009) NCSA Supp
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Karim Hamza and Van Dalen of respon
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Karim Hamza and Van Dalen From a mi
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Karim Hamza and Van Dalen productiv
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Intelligence-Driven Computer Networ
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Eric Hutchins et al. of defensive a
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Eric Hutchins et al. Defenders can
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Eric Hutchins et al. Equally as imp
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Eric Hutchins et al. X-Mailer: Yaho
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Eric Hutchins et al. Received: (qma
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Eric Hutchins et al. U.S.-China Eco
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Saara Jantunen and Aki-Mauri Huhtin
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Brian Jewell and Justin Beaver In t
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Brian Jewell and Justin Beaver Figu
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4. Evaluation Brian Jewell and Just
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Brian Jewell and Justin Beaver othe
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Detection of YASS Using Calibration
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Kesav Kancherla and Srinivas Mukkam
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M M M Su−2 Sv ∑∑ u= 1 v= 1 h(
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5.2 ROC curves Kesav Kancherla and
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Developing a Knowledge System for I
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Louise Leenen et al. We distinction
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Louise Leenen et al. There is growi
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3.1 Needs analysis Louise Leenen et
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Louise Leenen et al. Kroenke, D.M.
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Jose Mas y Rubi et al. As we can se
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Figure 2: CALEA forensic model (Pel
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Jose Mas y Rubi et al. Table 2: Com
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Jose Mas y Rubi et al. Another pend
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Tree of Objectives Acknowledgements
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Secure Proactive Recovery - a Hardw
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Ruchika Mehresh et al. implementing
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Ruchika Mehresh et al. The coordina
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Ruchika Mehresh et al. multiplicati
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2. Network infiltration detection D
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David Merritt and Barry Mullins on
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David Merritt and Barry Mullins Ess
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David Merritt and Barry Mullins Dev
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Muhammad Naveed Pakistan Computer E
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Muhammad Naveed response could also
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Muhammad Naveed Table 10: Aggressiv
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Muhammad Naveed 2006 Tcp Open Mysql
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Muhammad Naveed 8009 Tcp Open Ajp13
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Muhammad Naveed Austalian Taxation
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Alexandru Nitu world and bring it i
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Alexandru Nitu Article 51 restricts
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Alexandru Nitu As IW strategy and t
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Cyberwarfare and Anonymity Christop
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Christopher Perr attacks again help
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Christopher Perr about the current
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Catch me if you can: Cyber Anonymit
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David Rohret and Michael Kraft reve
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David Rohret and Michael Kraft sary
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Data (Evidence) Removal Shield Davi
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Neutrality in the Context of Cyberw
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Julie Ryan and Daniel Ryan 18th cen
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Julie Ryan and Daniel Ryan “Decla
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Julie Ryan and Daniel Ryan von Glah
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Harm Schotanus et al. In the remain
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Harm Schotanus et al. 2.3.1 Secure
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Harm Schotanus et al. In this setup
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Harm Schotanus et al. these aspects
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Maria Semmelrock-Picej et al. they
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Maria Semmelrock-Picej et al. User
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Maria Semmelrock-Picej et al. SPIKE
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Maria Semmelrock-Picej et al. Fuchs
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Madhu Shankarapani and Srinivas Muk
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Page 299 and 300: Michael Bilzor a diverse base of U.
Page 301 and 302: Michael Bilzor In our current exper
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Page 319 and 320: Rain Ottis Last, but not least, it
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Page 327 and 328: Large-Scale Analysis of Continuous
Page 329 and 330: References William Acosta Abadi, D.
Page 331 and 332: Natarajan Vijayarangan top box unit
Page 333 and 334: Natarajan Vijayarangan The proposed
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