TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 20 - Center for ...

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Table 4.19 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDTl) u,b,c (grams per mile) Prior to Engine Type & Pollutant Gasoline control 1968-69 1970-71 1972 1973-74 1975 1976-78 1979-81 1982-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-93 1994 1995-2004 Hydrocarbons (total) Non-methane hydrocarbons 11 (I 1 2.2 1 3.4 :,: ., .,,,_,_. ::. ..;:,:,::- .“,:~:>~,:..,.- 1 2.0 1 1.7 JO.80 ::.:.;,,.:. :. ,..:. ;(:, ,,. ,, ,.,: .::..::.r.:.. ., ‘: :. .:..: :.I’ 0.80) > .’ .:::.:.~::~...::::~.:~..I o,(j jo.31) Carbon monoxide Cold-temp. carbon monoxide g oNitrogen x i d Particulates e 8: 1 e 3.4 4.2 1::. .$ : j, .! .,i .:.; ~~;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~:.~~~~~~..;~~~ ..: ; ,:jl;: .:. ..:;.: , ;i-“2;..~ I-gj:‘:i.-l:iE,~~~:l.~..~~~~~~-~~~~.~:; ::$$tf; ;.I.< :, “4 y s~,~~. . . :: ..:__. .A.. . . I I . . c, ) . . . . . . ::.. 1. ::.. >:+:.:.:: . . . . . ..-...-.,._., \-,., ,.,.,. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.~.:.:.)‘.:: _.,. :_:: . . : .‘:._ :.I,‘. ..y. ,.,_, .,:. ,., ,.;;,. :. :. .,~,:,“~:‘::;,-.:.‘y..: :. ..I ..- .‘..‘ ,,,. . . . . ,-:.:i: ::. :,:;::: ;,,: :‘:.::.Y.. : :.. ‘.:, __ :: ‘2 ._ :::: .::.: :..:.y.:.‘.~$~..; y.:.:: >:.:.:,.‘.;.~.>: :.,_ .:.r~,‘.‘~.:.:,’ . . i : ;,.:..:, ,:. . . . . . . . . . . ,,...: ..:. ,,., _ .).,., .:. :,~.~.~.., y ._: :. “: ._ ‘._. ::,,. .:_:, ::. -. ..ii: . . : _. . . ;. . . ., ,. . . :.I, . . . .,.,...;..,..... _. ,_.,I :.: ._l :: ,I;a. .i_. ,.1:::,;:.: ..,.. .,.,. .,~.., j _: .,., 1 0.08 (0.10) Source: 40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-g; 40 CFR 86.091-g; 40 CFR 86,094-g; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-g; 40 CFR 86,099-g; 40 CFR 86.000-g; 40 CFR 86.001-g; 40 CFR 86.004-g. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication. aLight truck categories LDTl-LDT4 were not actually created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) up to 6,000 lbs were classified as light trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 lbs GVWR. During 1988 through 1993, light trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDTl and LDT2/3/4 categories. bThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for carbon monoxide and composite standards for non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in during model years 2000-02; these standards are not shown in this table. ‘Emission standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years 120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emission standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 yearsi50,OOO miles as well as a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (these standards are shown in parentheses). Hydrocarbon standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards, except PM standards, were phased-in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent, respectively. PM standards were phased-in at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent during 1995-97. din 1968-69, exhaust emission standards were issued in parts per million (ppm) rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table. %o estimate available. fNo standard set. “The cold CO emission standard is measured at 20 degrees F (rather than 75 degrees F) and is applicable for a 5-year/jO,OOO-mile useful life. hGross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight. Loaded vehicle weight (LVW) is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 lbs.
Table 4.20 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT2) a,b,c (grams per mile) Prior to Engine Tvpe & Pollutant control 1968-69 1970-71 1972 1973-74 1975 1976-78 1979-81 1982-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-90 1991-93 1994 1995-2004 Gasoline Hydrocarbons (total) Non-methane hydrocarbons Carbon monoxide Source: 40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86090-2; 40 CFR 86,090-g; 40 CFR 86.091-g; 40 CFR 86.094-g; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-g; 40 CFR 86,099-g; 40 CFR 86.000-g; 40 CFR 86.001-9; 40 CFR 86.004-g. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999. aLight truck categories LDTl-LDT4 were not actually created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) up to 6,000 Ibs were classified as light trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 lbs GVWR. During 1988-93, light trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDTl and LDT2/3/4 categories. bThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for carbon monoxide and composite standards for non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in during model years 2000-02; these standards are not shown in this table. ‘Emission standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years 120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emission standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 yearsi50,OOO miles as well as a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (these standards are shown in parentheses). Hydrocarbon standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards, except PM standards, were phased-in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent, respectively. PM standards were phased-in at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent during 1995-97. din 1968-69, exhaust emission standards were issued in parts per million (ppm) rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table. eNo estimate available. fNo standard set. “The cold CO emission standard is measured at 20 degrees F (rather than 75 degrees F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000mile useful life. hGross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight. Loaded vehicle weight (LVW) is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 Ibs. P %
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Center for Transportation Analysis
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ........
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Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table
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Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
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of them. FOREWORD This edition has
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ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy
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Source Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Chapter
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Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Productio
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I The UnitedStates has increased it
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I The share ofpetroleum imported to
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0 No
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I When crude oil and other hydrocar
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TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDATABOOK: EDITI
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Table 1.11 Transportation of Petrol
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1989 World total 134.66 136.35 135.
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2-4 I Total energy use in the U.S.
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2-6 I As duta about alternative jil
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Q) k s e b Y u IOO- 90 - 80 - 70 -
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2-12 Table 2.10 U.S. Production and
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Great care should be taken when com
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I Great care should be taken when c
Page 57 and 58: Source Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emi
Page 59 and 60: 1990 (million metric tonnes) Austra
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.4 Estimated U.S. Emissions
Page 63 and 64: Fuel Motor gasoline LPG” Jet fuel
Page 65 and 66: The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.8 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfor
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.9 (continued) LONG-TERM Tec
Page 75 and 76: Source Chapter 4 Criteria Pollutant
Page 77 and 78: I The transportation sector account
Page 85 and 86: The transportation sector accounted
Page 87 and 88: I Historically the transportation s
Page 89 and 90: The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.14 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfo
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.15 LONG-TERM Technology Gfo
Page 95 and 96: Table 4.15 (continued) LONG-TERM Te
Page 107: Table 4.18 Federal Exhaust Emission
Page 111 and 112: 2 2 % 0” z Table 4.22 Federal Exh
Page 113 and 114: Gasoline Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen
Page 115 and 116: I Califknia’s Low-Emission Vehicl
Page 117 and 118: Source Figure 5.1 Table 5.4 Table 5
Page 119 and 120: Figure 5.1. Gasoline Prices for Sel
Page 121 and 122: - I . I . I . I I Figure 5.2. Diese
Page 123 and 124: Year Current Diesel fuel a Constant
Page 125 and 126: Table 5.6 State Taxes on Motor Fuel
Page 127 and 128: As of January 2000, only five state
Page 129 and 130: I In current dollars, import cars,
Page 131 and 132: I The total cost of operating an au
Page 133 and 134: Year 1970 1980 1990 1997 1998 1970
Page 135 and 136: Employees of motor vehicle and rela
Page 137 and 138: Source Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.
Page 139 and 140: Year China India Japan France 1950
Page 141 and 142: 1970 1971 1972 E 1973 2 1974 4 1975
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.5 Highway Vehicle Miles Tra
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.7 Trucks in Operation and V
Page 147 and 148: I Using current registration data a
Page 149 and 150: I Using current registration data a
Page 151 and 152: Source Chapter 7 Light Vehicles and
Page 153 and 154: The Federal Highway Administration
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.4 New Retail Sales of Truck
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.6 Period Sales, Market Shar
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Table 7.8 Sales-Weighted Engine Siz
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Sales period” 1976 1977 1978 1979
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0.8 F 0 0.6 u' 2 s = 0.4 0.2 Figure
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I The average auto lost over 300pou
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I The number of conventional refuel
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Table 7.17 Corporate Average Fuel E
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Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed ORNL
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I The two earlier studies by the Fe
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Speed (mph) 1988 1993 Chevrolet Sub
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I The New York Test Cycle was devel
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Table 7.23 Occupant Fatalities by V
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B0 P I In 1998, nearly 40% of all p
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Source Table 8.1 Table 8.1 Table 8.
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Table 8.2 New Retail Truck Sales by
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I These tables illustrate the diffe
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Trucks Trucks (%) Miles per truck T
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I Nearly 1 GO% of all truckfleets u
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Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
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Some,freight activities, such as pi
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Chapter 9 Alternative Fuel Vehicles
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I There are more LPG vehicles in us
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Table 9.3 Estimates of Heavy Altern
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This list includes public and priva
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Figure 9.1 Map of Clean Cities as o
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The Partnership for a New Generatio
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. mm . . . SigniJicant changes have
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1 o-4 ama . . . .I . I TheseJleet d
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1 O-G @Ea6Ll I VW . . I Department
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10-8 I The Energy Policy Act of 199
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. D. Year 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
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11-4 I Household vehicle ownership
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1 l-6 e. . The 1995 NPTS data shoul
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11-8 El . . TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDAT
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oooz-02 NOI.I>Ia~ :>I008 VLVa A!X%N
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11-12 I As households owned more ve
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11-14 a. . I In 1995 the average jo
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11-16 I3 . . Table 11.14 National a
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. D. Principal means of transportat
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. D. 90- IO- O- Figure 11.5. Shares
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Table 12.1 Summary Statistics for U
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124 In the early seventies, domesti
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Fifty-six percent of all domestic m
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Table 12.7 Summary’Statistics for
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12-10 The number of trailers and co
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Table 12.11 Summary Statistics for
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A-2 AAMA APTA Amtrak Btu DOC DOE DO
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A-4 Trucks Off-Highway Nonhighwav A
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A-6 Rail Total: Sum of freight and
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A-8 Buses Trucks Sum of transit, in
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A-10 Pipeline Rail Recreational Boa
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A-12 Highway Automobiles Personal T
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A-14 Nonhighway Air Recreational Bo
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A-16 Pipeline Rail Natural Gas: Ton
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A-18 Light Trucks Buses Vmt - DOT,
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A-20 Highway Table 2.14 Energy Inte
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A-22 Trucks Stock - Vehicles in use
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A-24 Energy Use Transit buses: Amer
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B-2 Automotive gasoline Diesel moto
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B-4 Table B.3 Energy Unit Conversio
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B-6 Table B.7 Volume and Flow Rate
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FROM Pound Kilogram Pound 1 0.4536
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B-10 One million million millionth
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B-12 Conversion of Constant Dollar
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Table B.14 Gross National Product (
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c-2 Table C.l Census Divisions and
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GLOSSARY Acceleration power - Measu
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Bunker - A storage tank. Bunkering
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separating facilities. Crude oil pr
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General aviation - That portion of
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Lease Condensate - A liquid recover
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Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include cru
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Petroleum inventories: The amounts
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Single unit truck - Includes two-ax
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TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
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Alternative (continued) NEAR-TERM T
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Aviation Axle Barrel Summary Statis
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Certification (continued) Cities Ci
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Corporate Corporate Average Fuel Ec
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Dioxide International Man-Made Emis
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Emission (continued) LONG-TERM Tech
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Engine Sales-Weighted Engine Size o
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Fleet Fleet Vehicles in Service as
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Fuels (continued) Gallon Gas Gases
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Heavy (continued) Federal Exhaust E
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International Summary Statistics fo
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Material Matter Average Material Co
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Nitrogen Total National Emissions o
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Percentage (continued) Periods Pers
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Prices CrudeOilPrices,1870-98 . . .
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Retail (continued) New Retail Sales
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Shares Shares of Long-Distance Pers
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s toc1< s toc1
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Time Tire Ton Average Length of Tim
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Trucks (continued) Unit Federal Exh
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Vehicle (continued) Employees of Mo
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Work World Journey-to-Work Statisti
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