TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 20 - Center for ...

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. . . Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table 4.15 LONG-TERM Technology: Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Changes of Alternative Transportation Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 Table 4.16 Pollution from a Typical New Car and Light Truck, 2000 Model Year . . . . . . . . . 4-32 Table 4.17 Tier 2 Federal Emission Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32 Table 4.18 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33 Table 4.19 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDTl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34 Table 4.20 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35 Table 4.21 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36 Table 4.22 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37 Table 4.23 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 4-3 8 Table 4.24 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 9 Table 4.25 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4440 Table 4.26 California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and LightTruclts........................................................ 4-41 Table 4.27 California Air Resources Board Requirements for Meeting Emission Standards . . 4442 CHAPTER 5 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Table 5.1 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Figure 5.1 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and I998 . . 5-3 Table 5.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Figure 5.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 1998 . . . . . . . . . 5-S Table 5.3 Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978-99 . . . . . . . . 5-6 Table 5.4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DAI’A BOOK: EDITION 20-2000
Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10 Table 5.11 Table 5.12 Table 5.13 Table 5.14 Table 5.15 Table 5.16 Table 5.17 Table 5.18 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Prices for Selected Transportation Fuels, 1978-99 ................... State Taxes on Motor Fuels, 1999 ............................... State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, January 1,200O .................. Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels ......................... : ... States With Ethanol Tax Incentives ............................... Average Price of a New Car, 1970-99 ............................ Average Price of a New Car by Sector, 1970-99 .................... Automobile Operating Cost per Mile, 1975-99. ..................... Fixed Automobile Operating Costs per Year, 1975-99 ................ Economic Indicators, 1970-99 .................................. Consumer Price Indices, 1970-99 ................................ Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Employment Statistics, 1972-98 ........ Employees of Motor Vehicle and Related Industries, 1990 and 1997 .... Employment in Transportation and Related Industries, 1960-98 ........ ....... 5-8 ....... 5-9 ...... 5-11 ...... 5-l 1 ...... 5-12 ...... 5-13 ...... 5-14 ...... 5-15 ...... 5-16 ...... 5-17 ...... 5-17 ...... 5-18 ...... 5-19 ...... 5-20 CHAPTER 6 HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS ..................... 6-l Table 6.1 Automobile Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950-96 .................... 6-2 Table 6.2 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950-96 .................. 6-3 Table 6.3 Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970-98 .................................. 6-5 Table 6.4 Vehicle Stock and New Sales in United States, 1998 Calendar Year ............. 6-6 Table 6.5 Highway Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970-98 ................... 6-7 Table 6.6 Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 1998 Table 6.7 Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 1998 . . . . . Table 6.8 Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970-98 . . . . . . . . Table 6.9 Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 6.1 Automobile Survival Rates . . . Table 6.10 Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 20-2000 . . . . . 6-8 . 6-9 . 6-10 6-11 G-12 . 6-13
Page 1: Center for Transportation Analysis
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ........
Page 7: Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
Page 15: of them. FOREWORD This edition has
Page 19: ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy
Page 23 and 24: Source Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Chapter
Page 25 and 26: Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Productio
Page 27 and 28: I The UnitedStates has increased it
Page 29 and 30: I The share ofpetroleum imported to
Page 31 and 32: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0 No
Page 33 and 34: I When crude oil and other hydrocar
Page 35 and 36: TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDATABOOK: EDITI
Page 37: Table 1.11 Transportation of Petrol
Page 40 and 41: 1989 World total 134.66 136.35 135.
Page 42 and 43: 2-4 I Total energy use in the U.S.
Page 44 and 45: 2-6 I As duta about alternative jil
Page 46 and 47: The Federal Highway Administration
Page 48 and 49: Q) k s e b Y u IOO- 90 - 80 - 70 -
Page 50 and 51: 2-12 Table 2.10 U.S. Production and
Page 52 and 53: Great care should be taken when com
Page 54 and 55: I Great care should be taken when c
Page 57 and 58: Source Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emi
Page 59 and 60:
1990 (million metric tonnes) Austra
Page 61 and 62:
Table 3.4 Estimated U.S. Emissions
Page 63 and 64:
Fuel Motor gasoline LPG” Jet fuel
Page 65 and 66:
The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 67 and 68:
Table 3.8 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfor
Page 69 and 70:
Table 3.9 (continued) LONG-TERM Tec
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Source Chapter 4 Criteria Pollutant
Page 77 and 78:
I The transportation sector account
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Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
The transportation sector accounted
Page 87 and 88:
I Historically the transportation s
Page 89 and 90:
The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 91 and 92:
Table 4.14 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfo
Page 93 and 94:
Table 4.15 LONG-TERM Technology Gfo
Page 95 and 96:
Table 4.15 (continued) LONG-TERM Te
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Table 4.18 Federal Exhaust Emission
Page 109 and 110:
Table 4.20 Federal Exhaust Emission
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2 2 % 0” z Table 4.22 Federal Exh
Page 113 and 114:
Gasoline Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen
Page 115 and 116:
I Califknia’s Low-Emission Vehicl
Page 117 and 118:
Source Figure 5.1 Table 5.4 Table 5
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Figure 5.1. Gasoline Prices for Sel
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- I . I . I . I I Figure 5.2. Diese
Page 123 and 124:
Year Current Diesel fuel a Constant
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5.6 State Taxes on Motor Fuel
Page 127 and 128:
As of January 2000, only five state
Page 129 and 130:
I In current dollars, import cars,
Page 131 and 132:
I The total cost of operating an au
Page 133 and 134:
Year 1970 1980 1990 1997 1998 1970
Page 135 and 136:
Employees of motor vehicle and rela
Page 137 and 138:
Source Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.
Page 139 and 140:
Year China India Japan France 1950
Page 141 and 142:
1970 1971 1972 E 1973 2 1974 4 1975
Page 143 and 144:
Table 6.5 Highway Vehicle Miles Tra
Page 145 and 146:
Table 6.7 Trucks in Operation and V
Page 147 and 148:
I Using current registration data a
Page 149 and 150:
I Using current registration data a
Page 151 and 152:
Source Chapter 7 Light Vehicles and
Page 153 and 154:
The Federal Highway Administration
Page 155 and 156:
Table 7.4 New Retail Sales of Truck
Page 157 and 158:
Table 7.6 Period Sales, Market Shar
Page 159 and 160:
Table 7.8 Sales-Weighted Engine Siz
Page 161 and 162:
Sales period” 1976 1977 1978 1979
Page 163 and 164:
0.8 F 0 0.6 u' 2 s = 0.4 0.2 Figure
Page 165 and 166:
I The average auto lost over 300pou
Page 167 and 168:
I The number of conventional refuel
Page 169 and 170:
Table 7.17 Corporate Average Fuel E
Page 171 and 172:
Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed ORNL
Page 173 and 174:
I The two earlier studies by the Fe
Page 175 and 176:
Speed (mph) 1988 1993 Chevrolet Sub
Page 177 and 178:
I The New York Test Cycle was devel
Page 179 and 180:
Table 7.23 Occupant Fatalities by V
Page 181 and 182:
B0 P I In 1998, nearly 40% of all p
Page 183 and 184:
Source Table 8.1 Table 8.1 Table 8.
Page 185 and 186:
Table 8.2 New Retail Truck Sales by
Page 187 and 188:
I These tables illustrate the diffe
Page 189 and 190:
Trucks Trucks (%) Miles per truck T
Page 191 and 192:
I Nearly 1 GO% of all truckfleets u
Page 193 and 194:
Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
Page 195 and 196:
Some,freight activities, such as pi
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 9 Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Page 199 and 200:
I There are more LPG vehicles in us
Page 201 and 202:
Table 9.3 Estimates of Heavy Altern
Page 203 and 204:
This list includes public and priva
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 9.1 Map of Clean Cities as o
Page 207:
The Partnership for a New Generatio
Page 210 and 211:
. mm . . . SigniJicant changes have
Page 212 and 213:
1 o-4 ama . . . .I . I TheseJleet d
Page 214 and 215:
1 O-G @Ea6Ll I VW . . I Department
Page 216 and 217:
10-8 I The Energy Policy Act of 199
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. D. Year 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
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11-4 I Household vehicle ownership
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1 l-6 e. . The 1995 NPTS data shoul
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11-8 El . . TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDAT
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oooz-02 NOI.I>Ia~ :>I008 VLVa A!X%N
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11-12 I As households owned more ve
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11-14 a. . I In 1995 the average jo
Page 232 and 233:
11-16 I3 . . Table 11.14 National a
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. D. Principal means of transportat
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. D. 90- IO- O- Figure 11.5. Shares
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Table 12.1 Summary Statistics for U
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124 In the early seventies, domesti
Page 242 and 243:
Fifty-six percent of all domestic m
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Table 12.7 Summary’Statistics for
Page 246 and 247:
12-10 The number of trailers and co
Page 248 and 249:
Table 12.11 Summary Statistics for
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A-2 AAMA APTA Amtrak Btu DOC DOE DO
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A-4 Trucks Off-Highway Nonhighwav A
Page 254 and 255:
A-6 Rail Total: Sum of freight and
Page 256 and 257:
A-8 Buses Trucks Sum of transit, in
Page 258 and 259:
A-10 Pipeline Rail Recreational Boa
Page 260 and 261:
A-12 Highway Automobiles Personal T
Page 262 and 263:
A-14 Nonhighway Air Recreational Bo
Page 264 and 265:
A-16 Pipeline Rail Natural Gas: Ton
Page 266 and 267:
A-18 Light Trucks Buses Vmt - DOT,
Page 268 and 269:
A-20 Highway Table 2.14 Energy Inte
Page 270 and 271:
A-22 Trucks Stock - Vehicles in use
Page 272 and 273:
A-24 Energy Use Transit buses: Amer
Page 274 and 275:
B-2 Automotive gasoline Diesel moto
Page 276 and 277:
B-4 Table B.3 Energy Unit Conversio
Page 278 and 279:
B-6 Table B.7 Volume and Flow Rate
Page 280 and 281:
FROM Pound Kilogram Pound 1 0.4536
Page 282 and 283:
B-10 One million million millionth
Page 284 and 285:
B-12 Conversion of Constant Dollar
Page 286 and 287:
Table B.14 Gross National Product (
Page 288 and 289:
c-2 Table C.l Census Divisions and
Page 291 and 292:
GLOSSARY Acceleration power - Measu
Page 293 and 294:
Bunker - A storage tank. Bunkering
Page 295 and 296:
separating facilities. Crude oil pr
Page 297 and 298:
General aviation - That portion of
Page 299 and 300:
Lease Condensate - A liquid recover
Page 301 and 302:
Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include cru
Page 303 and 304:
Petroleum inventories: The amounts
Page 305 and 306:
Single unit truck - Includes two-ax
Page 307 and 308:
TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
Page 309 and 310:
Alternative (continued) NEAR-TERM T
Page 311 and 312:
Aviation Axle Barrel Summary Statis
Page 313 and 314:
Certification (continued) Cities Ci
Page 315 and 316:
Corporate Corporate Average Fuel Ec
Page 317 and 318:
Dioxide International Man-Made Emis
Page 319 and 320:
Emission (continued) LONG-TERM Tech
Page 321 and 322:
Engine Sales-Weighted Engine Size o
Page 323 and 324:
Fleet Fleet Vehicles in Service as
Page 325 and 326:
Fuels (continued) Gallon Gas Gases
Page 327 and 328:
Heavy (continued) Federal Exhaust E
Page 329 and 330:
International Summary Statistics fo
Page 331 and 332:
Material Matter Average Material Co
Page 333 and 334:
Nitrogen Total National Emissions o
Page 335 and 336:
Percentage (continued) Periods Pers
Page 337 and 338:
Prices CrudeOilPrices,1870-98 . . .
Page 339 and 340:
Retail (continued) New Retail Sales
Page 341 and 342:
Shares Shares of Long-Distance Pers
Page 343 and 344:
s toc1< s toc1
Page 345 and 346:
Time Tire Ton Average Length of Tim
Page 347 and 348:
Trucks (continued) Unit Federal Exh
Page 349 and 350:
Vehicle (continued) Employees of Mo
Page 351:
Work World Journey-to-Work Statisti
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