TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 20 - Center for ...

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9-10 P b Electric and hybrid-electric vehicles are required to be sold in California under the California Low- Emission Vehicle (LEV) program. Other states, such as New York, Texas, and Massachusetts, have indicated that they will also enforce the LEVprogram. The U. S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) was established in January 1991 to concentrate efforts on battery developmentforfuture electric vehicles. The USABC consists of the Big Three U.S. auto manufacturers (Daimler-Chrysler, Ford, General Motors), the Electric Power Research Institute, and the U.S. Department sf Energy. Table 9.7 U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium Goals for Electric Vehicle Batteries Power density” W/L Primary criteria Specific power” W/kg (80% DOD/30 xc) Energy density” Wh/L (C/3 discharge rate) Specific energy” Wh/kg (C/3 discharge rate) Life (years) Cycle life” (cycles) (80% DOD) Power and capacity degradationb (% of rated spec) Ultimate priceC ($/kWh) (10,000 units @ 40 kWh) Operating environment Recharge time” Continuous discharge in 1 hour (no failure) Secondarv criteria Efficiency (C/3 discharge & C/3 charge)” Self dischargeb Maintenance Thermal lossb Abuse resistance” Long-term goals” (2000) 460 300 230 150 10 1000 1800 (@ 50% DOD) 2670 (@ 30% DOD) 20% < $150 (desired to7.5) -30 to 65°C < 6 hours 75% (of rated energy capacity) 80% < 20% in 12 days No maintenance. Service by qualified personnel only. Covered by self discharge Tolerant Minimized by on-board controls Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Transportation Technologies, Washington, DC, February, 1998. Note: W=watt; kg=kilogram; L=liter; DOD=dcpth of discharge; Wh=watt-hour; kWh=kilowatt-hour. Additional information about USABC is available at: www.uscar.org/techno/store.htm. “For interim commercialization (Reflects USABC revisions of September 1996). bSpecifics on criteria can be found in “USABC Electric Vehicle Battery Test Procedures Manual Revision 2” DOE/ID-10479, Rev. 2, January 1996. ‘Cost to the Original Equipment Manufacturers. dRoundtrip charge/discharge efficiency. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 20-2000
The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) is an historic public/privatepartnership between the U.S.-federal government (led by the Technology Administration at the Department of Commerce, and including 7 agencies and 19 federal laboratories) and DaimlerChtysler, Ford, and General Motors that aims to strengthen America? competitiveness by developing technologies for a new generation of vehicles. PNGV’s long term goal is to develop an environmentally friendly car with up to triple the fuel efficiency of today’s midsize cars-- without sacrificing affordability, performance, or safety. Two other PNGV goals are to significantly improve national competitiveness in automotive manufacturing and to apply commercially viable innovation to conventional vehicles. Table 9. 8 PNGV Goals and Specifications of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles PNGV Concept Vehicles Parameter PNGV Goals Dodge ESX3 Ford Prodigy GM Precept Toyota Prius Honda Insight Fuel economy up to 80 mpg 72 mpg gas equiv. 72 mpg gas equiv. 80 mpg gas equiv. 56 mpg gas 64 mpg gas (3x current mpg) 80 mpg diesel 80 mpg diesela 90 mpg diesel Range 380 miles 400 miles 660 miles 3 80 miles 550 miles 600 miles Acceleration (O-60 mnh) 12.0 seconds Emissions Areodynamics Curb weight Passenger capacity Dimensions: Length Width Cargo Capacity Default Tier 2 0.20 Cd 1,980 lbs. Upto 16.8 ftj 11 .O seconds 12.0 seconds 11.5 seconds 14.1 seconds 12.0 seconds Target is Tier 2 Target is Tier 2 Target is Tier 2 SULEV ULEV 0.22 Cd 2,250 lbs. 5 192.8 in. 74.2 in. 16.0 fi? 0.199 Cd 2,387 lbs. 5 186.9 in. 69.1 in. 14.6 ft3 0.163 Cd 2,592 lbs. 5 193.2 in. 67.9 in. 4.4 ft3 0.30 Cd 2,734 lbs. 5 168.3 in. 66.7 in. 10.0 ft? 0.25 Cd 1,856 lbs. 2 155.1 in. 66.7 in. Meet FMVSSb Meet FMVSSb Meet FMVSSb Meet FMVSSb Meet FMVSSb Meet FMVSSb Source: Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, Media Information, 2000. (Additional resources: www.ta.doc.gov/pngv/cover/pngvcover.htm) “Fuel economy for Dodge using “Designer” diesel (0 ppm sulfur); Ford using Swedish clean diesel (~10 ppm sulfur); GM using California low-sulfur diesel (~30 ppm sulfur). bFederal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. 7.0 ftj
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Center for Transportation Analysis
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ........
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Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table
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Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
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of them. FOREWORD This edition has
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ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy
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Source Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Chapter
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Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Productio
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I The UnitedStates has increased it
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I The share ofpetroleum imported to
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0 No
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I When crude oil and other hydrocar
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TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDATABOOK: EDITI
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Table 1.11 Transportation of Petrol
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1989 World total 134.66 136.35 135.
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2-4 I Total energy use in the U.S.
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2-6 I As duta about alternative jil
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Q) k s e b Y u IOO- 90 - 80 - 70 -
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2-12 Table 2.10 U.S. Production and
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Great care should be taken when com
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I Great care should be taken when c
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Source Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emi
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1990 (million metric tonnes) Austra
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Table 3.4 Estimated U.S. Emissions
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Fuel Motor gasoline LPG” Jet fuel
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The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
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Table 3.8 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfor
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Table 3.9 (continued) LONG-TERM Tec
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Source Chapter 4 Criteria Pollutant
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I The transportation sector account
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The transportation sector accounted
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I Historically the transportation s
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The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
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Table 4.14 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfo
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Table 4.15 LONG-TERM Technology Gfo
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Table 4.15 (continued) LONG-TERM Te
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Table 4.18 Federal Exhaust Emission
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Table 4.20 Federal Exhaust Emission
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2 2 % 0” z Table 4.22 Federal Exh
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Gasoline Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen
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I Califknia’s Low-Emission Vehicl
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Source Figure 5.1 Table 5.4 Table 5
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Figure 5.1. Gasoline Prices for Sel
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- I . I . I . I I Figure 5.2. Diese
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Year Current Diesel fuel a Constant
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Table 5.6 State Taxes on Motor Fuel
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As of January 2000, only five state
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I In current dollars, import cars,
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I The total cost of operating an au
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Year 1970 1980 1990 1997 1998 1970
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Employees of motor vehicle and rela
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Source Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.
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Year China India Japan France 1950
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1970 1971 1972 E 1973 2 1974 4 1975
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Table 6.5 Highway Vehicle Miles Tra
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Table 6.7 Trucks in Operation and V
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I Using current registration data a
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I Using current registration data a
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Source Chapter 7 Light Vehicles and
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The Federal Highway Administration
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.4 New Retail Sales of Truck
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.6 Period Sales, Market Shar
Page 159 and 160: Table 7.8 Sales-Weighted Engine Siz
Page 161 and 162: Sales period” 1976 1977 1978 1979
Page 163 and 164: 0.8 F 0 0.6 u' 2 s = 0.4 0.2 Figure
Page 165 and 166: I The average auto lost over 300pou
Page 167 and 168: I The number of conventional refuel
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.17 Corporate Average Fuel E
Page 171 and 172: Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed ORNL
Page 173 and 174: I The two earlier studies by the Fe
Page 175 and 176: Speed (mph) 1988 1993 Chevrolet Sub
Page 177 and 178: I The New York Test Cycle was devel
Page 179 and 180: Table 7.23 Occupant Fatalities by V
Page 181 and 182: B0 P I In 1998, nearly 40% of all p
Page 183 and 184: Source Table 8.1 Table 8.1 Table 8.
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.2 New Retail Truck Sales by
Page 187 and 188: I These tables illustrate the diffe
Page 189 and 190: Trucks Trucks (%) Miles per truck T
Page 191 and 192: I Nearly 1 GO% of all truckfleets u
Page 193 and 194: Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
Page 195 and 196: Some,freight activities, such as pi
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 9 Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Page 199 and 200: I There are more LPG vehicles in us
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.3 Estimates of Heavy Altern
Page 203 and 204: This list includes public and priva
Page 205: Figure 9.1 Map of Clean Cities as o
Page 210 and 211: . mm . . . SigniJicant changes have
Page 212 and 213: 1 o-4 ama . . . .I . I TheseJleet d
Page 214 and 215: 1 O-G @Ea6Ll I VW . . I Department
Page 216 and 217: 10-8 I The Energy Policy Act of 199
Page 218 and 219: . D. Year 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
Page 220 and 221: 11-4 I Household vehicle ownership
Page 222 and 223: 1 l-6 e. . The 1995 NPTS data shoul
Page 224 and 225: 11-8 El . . TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDAT
Page 226 and 227: oooz-02 NOI.I>Ia~ :>I008 VLVa A!X%N
Page 228 and 229: 11-12 I As households owned more ve
Page 230 and 231: 11-14 a. . I In 1995 the average jo
Page 232 and 233: 11-16 I3 . . Table 11.14 National a
Page 234 and 235: . D. Principal means of transportat
Page 236 and 237: . D. 90- IO- O- Figure 11.5. Shares
Page 238 and 239: Table 12.1 Summary Statistics for U
Page 240 and 241: 124 In the early seventies, domesti
Page 242 and 243: Fifty-six percent of all domestic m
Page 244 and 245: Table 12.7 Summary’Statistics for
Page 246 and 247: 12-10 The number of trailers and co
Page 248 and 249: Table 12.11 Summary Statistics for
Page 250 and 251: A-2 AAMA APTA Amtrak Btu DOC DOE DO
Page 252 and 253: A-4 Trucks Off-Highway Nonhighwav A
Page 254 and 255: A-6 Rail Total: Sum of freight and
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A-8 Buses Trucks Sum of transit, in
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A-10 Pipeline Rail Recreational Boa
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A-12 Highway Automobiles Personal T
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A-14 Nonhighway Air Recreational Bo
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A-16 Pipeline Rail Natural Gas: Ton
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A-18 Light Trucks Buses Vmt - DOT,
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A-20 Highway Table 2.14 Energy Inte
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A-22 Trucks Stock - Vehicles in use
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A-24 Energy Use Transit buses: Amer
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B-2 Automotive gasoline Diesel moto
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B-4 Table B.3 Energy Unit Conversio
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B-6 Table B.7 Volume and Flow Rate
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FROM Pound Kilogram Pound 1 0.4536
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B-10 One million million millionth
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B-12 Conversion of Constant Dollar
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Table B.14 Gross National Product (
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c-2 Table C.l Census Divisions and
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GLOSSARY Acceleration power - Measu
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Bunker - A storage tank. Bunkering
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separating facilities. Crude oil pr
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General aviation - That portion of
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Lease Condensate - A liquid recover
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Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include cru
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Petroleum inventories: The amounts
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Single unit truck - Includes two-ax
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TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
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Alternative (continued) NEAR-TERM T
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Aviation Axle Barrel Summary Statis
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Certification (continued) Cities Ci
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Corporate Corporate Average Fuel Ec
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Dioxide International Man-Made Emis
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Emission (continued) LONG-TERM Tech
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Engine Sales-Weighted Engine Size o
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Fleet Fleet Vehicles in Service as
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Fuels (continued) Gallon Gas Gases
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Heavy (continued) Federal Exhaust E
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International Summary Statistics fo
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Material Matter Average Material Co
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Nitrogen Total National Emissions o
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Percentage (continued) Periods Pers
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Prices CrudeOilPrices,1870-98 . . .
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Retail (continued) New Retail Sales
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Shares Shares of Long-Distance Pers
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s toc1< s toc1
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Time Tire Ton Average Length of Tim
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Trucks (continued) Unit Federal Exh
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Vehicle (continued) Employees of Mo
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Work World Journey-to-Work Statisti
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