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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNIARAB SYSTEM Figure 6.3: Generation the right tense for the verbs and can be in one of many tenses. We discussed the special situation with reference to the intersection of Arabic tense and aspect in Chapter 2. The solution is to recognize the difference between morphological features and syntactic functional categories. The tense features must be expressed analytically. Phase (12) English Sentence Generation The process of generating an English sentence can be as simple as keeping a list of rules. These rules can be extended through the life of the MT system. The system will use some operations in English such as vowel change: examples; man men. Sometimes this accompanies affixations: break broke broken (= broke + en). 6.1.2 UniArab: Lexical representation in interlingua system In transfer-based systems there are no problems if for a particular language pair there are one-to-one equivalents; the problems arise when there is more than one target word for a single source word. But for an interlingua in a multilingual system there are problems even if only one of the languages involved has two or more potential forms for a 84
6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNIARAB SYSTEM single given word in one of the other languages. If an interlingua is to be completely language-neutral, it must represent not the words of one or another of the languages, but language-independent lexical units. Any distinction which is (or can be) expressed lexically in the languages of the system must be represented explicitly in the interlingua representation (Hutchins and Somers 1992). The UniArab system can generate a target language by classifying every Arabic word in the source text. There are six major parts of speech in Arabic. These are Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives, Proper nouns, Demonstratives, Adverbs and we create a seventh, so called ‘other’ category for Arabic words which do not fit into any of these six categories. The major parts of speech in the Arabic language have their own attributes, and we use these attributes within the UniArab system. For example, verbs in the Arabic language agree with their subjects in gender. Arabic words are masculine and feminine; there is no neutral gender. In the UniArab system we record the gender associated with a verb in the syntax for a particular subject NP. Adjectives and demonstratives also agree with the subject in gender too. In Arabic, words come into three categories with regards to number: They are (1) singular, indicating one, e.g. rˇgl ‘one man’. (2) dual, indicating two, e.g. rˇglān ‘two men’ and (3) plural, indicating three or more e.g. rˇgāl ‘men’. The UniArab system records these attributes of gender and number. It is important to understand that source language specific features may not be used or may be different in the target language. For example, the Arabic number categ ory of dual is not relevant in English. The UniArab system is based on RRG and uses logical structures for each verb in the lexicon. 85
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A generic framework for Arabic to E
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sentence and its linking algorithm
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Declaration I herby certify that th
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advices, but also academically and
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CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
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CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
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CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
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List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
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LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
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1 Introduction The following paragr
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high-quality translation technology
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1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
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1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
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2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
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2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
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2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
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2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
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Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
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3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
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3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
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3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
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Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 63 and 64: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
Page 67 and 68: 4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
Page 73 and 74: 4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
Page 75 and 76: would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78: 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86: 4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88: 5 Design of Arabic to English machi
Page 89 and 90: 5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
Page 95 and 96: 5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
Page 97 and 98: 5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
Page 99 and 100: 6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
Page 101 and 102: 6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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Page 107 and 108: 6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
Page 113 and 114: 6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
Page 119 and 120: 6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
Page 121 and 122: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
Page 131 and 132: Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
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Page 135 and 136: 7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
Page 139 and 140: 7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
Page 141 and 142: Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
Page 143 and 144: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
Page 145 and 146: 7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
Page 147 and 148: 7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
Page 149 and 150: Now is not the end. It is not the b
Page 151 and 152: 8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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