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7.2.5 Free word order 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Here we show three Arabic sentences with different word order which translate to the same English output. Table 7.10: Test : Free word order (Verb Noun Noun scenario one) Arabic yh. b qys lylā human-translated Qays loves Laila Google Qais likes of Laila Microsoft Love Qais laili UniArab Qays loves Laila In Table 7.10, the output of the Google translator is faulty in the verb meaning and the system added ‘of’ without any meaning in this sentence. Microsoft’s MT translated each word while ignoring the word order and meaning of the sentence. UniArab successfully translates the sentence in its entirety. Figure 7.11 shows this sentence output in the UniArab system. Figure 7.11: Free word order (Verb Noun Noun scenario one) 112
7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Test : Free word order (Verb Noun Noun scenario two) Arabic yh. b lylā qys human-translated Qays loves Laila Google Leila loves measured Microsoft Love laili Qais UniArab Qays loves Laila In Table 7.11, the second ordering possibility is shown. The output of the Google translator is faulty in the actor, the system can not analyse ‘who does what’, the actor is Qais but the output makes the object the subject. Microsoft’s translator translates each word while ignores the word order and the meaning of the sentence. It also makes the object the subject. UniArab successfully translates the sentence in its entirety. Figure 7.12 shows this sentence output in the UniArab system. Figure 7.12: Free word order (Verb Noun Noun scenario two) 113
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A generic framework for Arabic to E
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sentence and its linking algorithm
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Declaration I herby certify that th
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advices, but also academically and
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CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
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CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
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CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
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List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
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LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
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1 Introduction The following paragr
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high-quality translation technology
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1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
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1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
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2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
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2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
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2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
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2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
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Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
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3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
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3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
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3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
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3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
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3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
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3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
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4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
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4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
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4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
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4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
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would also be needed for an interli
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4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
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Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86: 4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88: 5 Design of Arabic to English machi
Page 89 and 90: 5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
Page 95 and 96: 5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
Page 97 and 98: 5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
Page 99 and 100: 6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
Page 101 and 102: 6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
Page 107 and 108: 6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
Page 113 and 114: 6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
Page 119 and 120: 6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
Page 121 and 122: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
Page 131: Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
Page 135 and 136: 7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
Page 139 and 140: 7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
Page 141 and 142: Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
Page 143 and 144: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
Page 145 and 146: 7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
Page 147 and 148: 7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
Page 149 and 150: Now is not the end. It is not the b
Page 151 and 152: 8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
Page 153 and 154: and proving the suitability of the
Page 155 and 156: References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
Page 157 and 158: REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 139
Page 161 and 162: • Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
Page 163 and 164: Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
Page 165 and 166: C List of translatable sentences I
Page 167 and 168: she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
Page 169 and 170: Jack is eating with the spoon.
Page 171 and 172: Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
Page 173 and 174: Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
Page 175 and 176: Carl is brushing his hair. ym
Page 177 and 178: I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
Page 179 and 180: Omar gave the book to Khalid.
Page 181 and 182: D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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