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Copula verb ‘to be’: 5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY There are certain cases where the standard NP VP categorisation does not apply due to the absence of a copula verb in the language. In Arabic there is no verb ‘to be’ (Salem et al. 2008b). UniArab should understand if the sentences contain verb ‘to be’ and generate them correctly. The test sentences are shown in Table 5.6. Table 5.6: Test strategy: verb ‘to be’ Arabic human-translated UniArab best of rest ֓anā ālmhnds I am the engineer ? ? hw mhnds He is an engineer ? ? Verb ‘to have’: UniArab should understand if the sentences contain ‘to have’ and generate them correctly. Arabic, like Modern Irish, has no verb of ‘to have’. The test sentences are shown in Table 5.7. Arabic Table 5.7: Test strategy: verb ‘to have’ human-translated UniArab best of rest lqd qmt bālh. ˇgz I have made a reservation. ? ? lqd fqdt tdkrty I have lost my ticket. ? ? ¯ The free word order in Arabic: Arabic has free word order, this poses a significant challenge to MT due to the vast possibilities to express the same sentence in Arabic (Salem et al. 2008a). The actor in Table 5.8 could be the first, second or third argument. UniArab should analyse who the actor is. Pro–Drop: In technical linguistic terms, Arabic is a ‘pro–drop’ or ‘pronoun–drop’ language (Ryd- ing 2007). The pro–drop parameter is an aspect of grammar that allows subjects to be optional but understood in some languages. That is, every inflection in a verb paradigm 76
5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA Table 5.8: Test strategy: free word order (Verb Noun Noun) Arabic human-translated UniArab best of rest yh. b qys lylā Qays loves Laila. ? ? qys yh. b lylā Qays loves Laila. ? ? yh. b lylā qys Qays loves Laila. ? ? is specified uniquely and does not need to use independent pronouns to differentiate the person, number, and gender of the verb. The test sentences are shown in Table 5.9. Table 5.9: Test strategy: pro–drop Arabic human-translated UniArab best of rest fāttny ālt.ā֓yrh (I) missed the plane. ? ? ֓aryd ˙grfh (I) want a room. ? ? nsyt mh. fz . ty (I) forgot my wallet. ? ? ֓aryd hātm (I) want a ring. ? ? ˘ 5.4 Design of evaluation criteria We will evaluate the result of output by comparing with human-translated and machine- translated versions . Comparisons can be made between two machine translation systems, or between human-translated and machine-translated sentences. UniArab system is compared with translations done by human translators. Then this result is compared with the results of other (Arabic to English) Machine translation systems. We are comparing different levels of human translation with UniArab system output, using human subjects as judges. The human judges were skilled for the purpose of Machine Translation; it is an efficient evaluation for MT research. The evaluation study compared an MT system translating from Arabic into English with human translators. The human translators were a native Arabic speaking L1 adults who had English as their L2. The five point scale for adequacy indicates how much of the meaning expressed in the reference translation is 77
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A generic framework for Arabic to E
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sentence and its linking algorithm
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Declaration I herby certify that th
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advices, but also academically and
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CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
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CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
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CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
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List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
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LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
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1 Introduction The following paragr
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high-quality translation technology
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1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
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1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
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2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
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2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
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2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
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2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
Page 47 and 48: 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 63 and 64: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
Page 67 and 68: 4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
Page 73 and 74: 4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
Page 75 and 76: would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78: 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86: 4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88: 5 Design of Arabic to English machi
Page 89 and 90: 5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
Page 95: 5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
Page 99 and 100: 6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
Page 101 and 102: 6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
Page 107 and 108: 6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
Page 113 and 114: 6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
Page 119 and 120: 6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
Page 121 and 122: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
Page 131 and 132: Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
Page 133 and 134: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
Page 135 and 136: 7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
Page 139 and 140: 7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
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Page 143 and 144: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
Page 145 and 146: 7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
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7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
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Now is not the end. It is not the b
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8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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and proving the suitability of the
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References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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