A generic framework for Arabic to English machine ... - Acsu Buffalo

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Abstract The aim of this research is to develop a rule-based lexical framework for Arabic language processing using the Role and Reference Grammar linguistic model. A system, called UniArab is introduced to support the framework. The UniArab system for Modern Stan- dard Arabic (MSA), which takes MSA Arabic as input in the native orthography, parses the sentence(s) into a logical meta-representation, and using this, generates a grammati- cally correct English output with full agreement and morphological resolution. UniArab utilizes an XML-based implementation of elements of the Role and Reference Grammar theory, and its representations for the universal logical structure of Arabic sentences. Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) is a functional theory of grammar that posits a direct mapping between the semantic representation of a sentence and its syntactic representation. The theory allows a sentence in a specific language to be described in terms of its logical structure and grammatical procedures. RRG creates a linking relationship between syntax and semantics, and can account for how semantic representations are mapped into syntactic representations. We claim that RRG is highly suitable for machine translation of Arabic via an Interlingua bridge implementation model. RRG is a mono strata–theory, positing only one level of syntactic representation, the actual form of the i
sentence and its linking algorithm can work in both directions from syntactic representation to semantic representation, or vice versa. In RRG, semantic decomposition of pred- icates and their semantic argument structures are represented as logical structures. The lexicon in RRG takes the position that lexical entries for verbs should contain unique information only, with as much information as possible derived from general lexical rules. For this reason and due to the functional nature of our linguistic model, we will create our own lexicon. We use the RRG theory to motivate the architecture of the lexicon and the RRG bidirec- tional linking system to design and implement the parse and generate functions between the syntax-semantic interfaces. Through an input process with seven phases, including morphological and syntactic unpacking, UniArab extracts the universal logical structure of an Arabic sentence. Using the XML based metadata representing the RRG logical structure (XRRG), UniArab accurately generates an equivalent grammatical sentence in the target language through four output phases. We outline the conceptual structure of the UniArab System which utilizes the framework and translates the Arabic language into another natural language. We follow the Interlingua design approach for machine translation. We analyse the Arabic sentences to create a universal, abstract logical representation, and from this representation we generate English translations. We also explore how the characteristics of the Arabic language will affect the develop- ment of a Machine Translation (MT) tool. Several characteristics of Arabic pertinent to MT will be explored in detail with reference to some potential difficulties that they present. We will conclude with a proposed model incorporating the Role and Reference Grammar techniques to achieve this end. The UniArab system has been tested by gener- ating equivalent grammatical sentences, in English, via the universal logical structure of Arabic sentences, based on MSA Arabic input with very significant and accurate results. ii
Page 1: A generic framework for Arabic to E
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I herby certify that th
Page 7 and 8: advices, but also academically and
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The following paragr
Page 23 and 24: high-quality translation technology
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
Page 33 and 34: 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 37 and 38: 2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
Page 39 and 40: 2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
Page 41 and 42: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 43 and 44: 2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
Page 47 and 48: 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 53 and 54:
3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 55 and 56:
3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 57 and 58:
3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60:
3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62:
3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 63 and 64:
3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 65 and 66:
3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
Page 67 and 68:
4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
Page 69 and 70:
4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72:
4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
Page 73 and 74:
4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
Page 75 and 76:
would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78:
4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82:
4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86:
4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88:
5 Design of Arabic to English machi
Page 89 and 90:
5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
Page 97 and 98:
5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
Page 99 and 100:
6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
Page 101 and 102:
6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
Page 117 and 118:
6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
Page 119 and 120:
6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
Page 121 and 122:
7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
Page 123 and 124:
Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
Page 127 and 128:
Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
Page 129 and 130:
Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
Page 131 and 132:
Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
Page 133 and 134:
7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
Page 135 and 136:
7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
Page 137 and 138:
Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
Page 139 and 140:
7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
Page 141 and 142:
Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
Page 143 and 144:
7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
Page 145 and 146:
7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
Page 147 and 148:
7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
Page 149 and 150:
Now is not the end. It is not the b
Page 151 and 152:
8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
Page 153 and 154:
and proving the suitability of the
Page 155 and 156:
References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
Page 157 and 158:
REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 139
Page 161 and 162:
• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
Page 163 and 164:
Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
Page 165 and 166:
C List of translatable sentences I
Page 167 and 168:
she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
Page 169 and 170:
Jack is eating with the spoon.
Page 171 and 172:
Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
Page 173 and 174:
Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
Page 175 and 176:
Carl is brushing his hair. ym
Page 177 and 178:
I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
Page 179 and 180:
Omar gave the book to Khalid.
Page 181 and 182:
D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
Page 183 and 184:
Arabic Example Logical Structure
Page 185 and 186:
Arabic Example Logical Structure
Page 187 and 188:
Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
Page 189 and 190:
Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
Page 191 and 192:
Package: Name of Class Class Summar
show all

A generic framework for Arabic to English machine ... - Acsu Buffalo

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?