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2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORDS form, as in Table 2.4. The Arabic definite article is concatenated to nouns and adjectives. The shape of the definite article is shown in Table 2.5. Table 2.3: Feminine is different than masculine Arabic English Translation daˇgaāˇgah Chicken dyk Cock Table 2.4: Feminine and masculine in Arabic Arabic English Translation mu֒ilmun teacher(M) mu֒limtun teacher(F) t.ālb student(M) t. ālbh student(F) Table 2.5: Definiteness in Arabic Arabic English Translation āl the The definite article in Arabic is graphically prefixed to an Arabic noun. An example of Arabic definiteness is shown in Table 2.6. 2.2.1 Free word order Table 2.6: Definiteness example in Arabic Arabic English Translation rˇgl a man ālrˇgl the man Arabic has a relatively free word order (Ramsay and Mansour 2006), this poses a signif- icant challenge to MT due to the number of possible ways to express the same sentence in Arabic. For the elements of subject(S), verb(V) and object(O), Arabic’s relatively free 12
2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORDS word order allows the combinations of SVO, VSO, VOS and OVS. For example, consider the following word orders: (1) Noun1 Verb Noun2 (2) Noun2 Verb Noun1 (3) Verb Noun1 Noun2 (4) Verb Noun2 Noun1 (a) Noun Verb Noun example. qys yh. b lylā Qays loves Laila lylā yh. b qys Laila loves Qays noun verb noun Table 2.7: Free word order (c) Verb Noun Noun example. yh. b lylā qys Qays loves Laila qys lylā yh. b Qays Laila loves noun noun verb (b) Verb Noun Noun example. yh. b qys lylā Qays loves Laila lylā qys yh. b Laila Qays loves noun noun verb This means that we have a challenge to identify exactly which is the subject and the object. Tables 2.7(a), 2.7(b) and 2.7(c) show this challenge. In Arabic the subject agrees with the verb with appropriate morphological marking on the word to differentiate subject from object in these free word order sentences. † The difference in Tables 2.7(a), 2.7(b) and 2.7(c) is the position of the actor. The sentences in fact have the same meaning. While in English the form of a sentence is subject verb object. † Note that Arabic sentences should be read from right to left. 13
Page 1 and 2: A generic framework for Arabic to E
Page 3 and 4: sentence and its linking algorithm
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I herby certify that th
Page 7 and 8: advices, but also academically and
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The following paragr
Page 23 and 24: high-quality translation technology
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
Page 31: 2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 37 and 38: 2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
Page 39 and 40: 2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
Page 41 and 42: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 43 and 44: 2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
Page 47 and 48: 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 63 and 64: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
Page 67 and 68: 4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
Page 73 and 74: 4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
Page 75 and 76: would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78: 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
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Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
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4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
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5 Design of Arabic to English machi
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5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
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5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
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5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
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6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
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6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
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Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
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6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
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6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
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Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
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Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
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Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
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Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
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Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
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7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
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Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
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7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
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Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
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7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
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7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
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Now is not the end. It is not the b
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8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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and proving the suitability of the
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References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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