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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE Table 2.15: Imperfect inflectional forms of word ‘write’ Singular Dual Plural First Person nktbu ֓aktbu Second Person (m) tktbwna tktbāni tktbu Second Person (f) tktbna tktbāni tktbna Third Person (m) yktbwna yktbāni yktbu Third Person (f) yktbna tktbāni tktbu Table 2.16: Perfect inflectional forms of word ‘wrote’ Singular Dual Plural First Person uktbnā ktbt Second Person (m) ktbtum ktbtumā ktbta ktbtuna ktbtumā ktbti Second Person (f) Third Person (m) ktbwā ktbā ktba Third Person (f) ktbna ktbatā ktbat Table 2.17: Future tense in Arabic Arabic English Translation swf yaktubu he will write syaktubu he will write over a long period, or represents a state of being. This construct is used when talk- ing about knowledge of something in the past. In Arabic, the past perfect progressive is actually indicated using the present tense and the particle mundhu mnd. e.g. ¯ ֓a֒yˇs hnā mnd hms snwāt I have been living here for five ¯ ˘ years. Future perfect in Arabic is indicated using the present tense of kaana with a past tense main verb. e.g. sykwn qd ֓anhā drāsth he will have fin- ished his studies. 18
2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE Tense deals with when an action occurs, aspect determines whether the action has been completed, is ongoing or is yet to occur. In Arabic, tense and aspect are generally blended together, that is why past/present are often switched with perfect/imperfect in discussion. For a larger discussion on the sentax the tense and aspect refer to Ryding (2007). 2.3.4.3 Mood Mood is reflected in Arabic in word structure, and so analysis is a part of the morphol- ogy. The mood can be indicative, subjunctive, imperative or jussive. The indicative are straightforward statements, the subjunctive includes the attitude towards actions, the imperative indicates a command. Mood marking is only done on the present tense. There are no markings for past tense. Examples of the four moods are shown in Tables 2.18, 2.19, 2.20 and 2.21. Table 2.18: Indicative mood Arabic nrh. b bzbā֓ynnā English we welcome our customers. Arabic y˙gādr dbln ālywm English He leaves Dublin today. Table 2.19: Subjunctive mood Arabic yˇgb ֓an nqwm bzyārh English It is necessary that we undertake a visit. Arabic Table 2.20: Jussive mood lm n֓at English we did not come. ֓is. lāh. āt lm tktml mnd ¯ ֒āmyn Arabic English renovations that have not been completed for two years 19
Page 1 and 2: A generic framework for Arabic to E
Page 3 and 4: sentence and its linking algorithm
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I herby certify that th
Page 7 and 8: advices, but also academically and
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The following paragr
Page 23 and 24: high-quality translation technology
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
Page 33 and 34: 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 37: 2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
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Page 43 and 44: 2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
Page 47 and 48: 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 63 and 64: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
Page 67 and 68: 4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
Page 73 and 74: 4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
Page 75 and 76: would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78: 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86: 4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88: 5 Design of Arabic to English machi
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5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
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5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
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5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
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6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
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6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
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Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
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6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
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6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
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Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
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Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
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Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
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Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
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Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
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7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
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Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
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7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
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Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
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7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
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7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
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Now is not the end. It is not the b
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8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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and proving the suitability of the
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References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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