A generic framework for Arabic to English machine ... - Acsu Buffalo

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LIST OF FIGURES 7.2 Verb-Subject with one argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7.3 Verb-subject agreement 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.4 Verb-subject agreement 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7.5 Gender-ambiguous proper nouns 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.6 Gender-ambiguous proper nouns 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.7 Verb ‘to be’ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.8 Verb ‘to be’ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.9 Verb ‘to have’ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.10 Verb ‘to have’ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.11 Free word order (Verb Noun Noun scenario one) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.12 Free word order (Verb Noun Noun scenario two) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.13 Free word order (Verb Noun Noun scenario three) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.14 Pro-drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.15 Intransitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.16 Intransitive with an adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.17 Transitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.18 Ditransitive 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.19 Ditransitive with 2 NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 7.20 Ditransitive with preposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.21 Limitation of UniArab 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.22 Limitation of UniArab 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.23 Limitation of UniArab 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 xv
List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add two letters to achieve dual form in Arabic . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Grammatical gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Feminine is different than masculine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4 Feminine and masculine in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.5 Definiteness in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.6 Definiteness example in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.7 Free word order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.8 Noun example in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.9 Definite example in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.10 Indefinite example in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.11 Arabic adjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.12 Arabic adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.13 Imperfect tense ālf֒l ālmd. ār֒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.14 Perfect tense ālf֒l ālmād. y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.15 Imperfect inflectional forms of word ‘write’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.16 Perfect inflectional forms of word ‘wrote’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.17 Future tense in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 xvi
Page 1 and 2: A generic framework for Arabic to E
Page 3 and 4: sentence and its linking algorithm
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I herby certify that th
Page 7 and 8: advices, but also academically and
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
Page 15: LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The following paragr
Page 23 and 24: high-quality translation technology
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
Page 33 and 34: 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 37 and 38: 2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
Page 39 and 40: 2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
Page 41 and 42: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 43 and 44: 2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
Page 47 and 48: 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 63 and 64: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
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4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
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4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
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4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
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4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
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would also be needed for an interli
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4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
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Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
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4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
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Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
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4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
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5 Design of Arabic to English machi
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5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
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5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
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5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
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6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
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6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
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Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
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6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
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6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
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Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
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Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
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Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
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Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
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Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
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7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
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Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
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7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
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Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
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7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
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7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
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Now is not the end. It is not the b
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8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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and proving the suitability of the
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References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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