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2.4 Sentence types in Arabic 2.4. SENTENCE TYPES IN ARABIC A sentence is a string of words that expresses a semantically complete message. There are two main sentence types in Arabic: verbal sentences and equational or copula sentences. The classification of clauses in the Arabic language is illustrated in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: A classification of clauses in the Arabic language 2.4.1 Equational sentences Equational sentences contain two parts (subject and predicate). In Arabic the copula verb ‘to be’ is not used in the present tense. Both the subject and the predicate have to be in the nominative case if they are not preceded by ֓in ”indeed“ or kān ”was“ (Abn-Aqeal 2007). In Table 2.23 the predicate in the first example is realized as a noun phrase, in the second example as an adjective, and in the third example as a preposition. The subject and predicate can serve as arguments for other verbs as will be shown in the following subsections. 22
2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE TYPES IN ARABIC Table 2.23: Nominal sentence Arabic English Translation zaydun t.aālibun Zaid is (a) student. zaydun krym Zaid is generous. zaydun fy ālbyt Zaid is in the house. Verb and noun. such as: s֓al ֓ah. md Ahmad asked. 2.4.1.2 Verb and two nouns It only occurs in one construct kān w ֓ah ˘ wāthā kan and its sisters. The verb kna kān and its sister verbs mark the time or duration of actions, states, and events. Sentences that use these verbs are considered to be a type of nominal sentence according to Arabic grammar, not a type of verbal sentence. The word order resembles Verb Subject Object when there is no other verb in the sentence, They are kān was, s. ār to become, ֓as. bh. to become, ֓ad. h. ā to become, ֓amsā to become, z . l to remain, bāt to be, lys it is not. English can not express the punctual and telic aspectual differences encoded within the Arabic examples just mentioned. Table 2.24: Kan and its sisters kān w ֓ah ˘ wthā Arabic English Translation kān āl֓aklu ld¯ ydāan The food was delicious. ¯ With these verbs the subject is in the nominative case and the predicate is in the accusative case, an example is shown in Table 2.24. 23
Page 1 and 2: A generic framework for Arabic to E
Page 3 and 4: sentence and its linking algorithm
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I herby certify that th
Page 7 and 8: advices, but also academically and
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The following paragr
Page 23 and 24: high-quality translation technology
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
Page 33 and 34: 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 37 and 38: 2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
Page 39 and 40: 2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
Page 41: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
Page 47 and 48: 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
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Page 51 and 52: 3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
Page 67 and 68: 4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
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Page 75 and 76: would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78: 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86: 4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88: 5 Design of Arabic to English machi
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Page 91 and 92: 5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
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5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
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5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
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5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
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6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
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6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
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Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
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6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
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6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
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Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
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Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
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Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
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Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
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Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
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7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
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Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
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7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
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Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
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7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
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7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
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Now is not the end. It is not the b
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8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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and proving the suitability of the
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References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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