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6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATION IN INTERLINGUA SYSTEM BASED ON RRG 6.2 UniArab: Lexical representation in interlingua system based on RRG Lexical frames represent the language-dependent lexicon. We use an XML data source to represent the UniArab lexicon. The lexicon creates pointers to corresponding conceptual frames or attributes of each word. These frames also have relations which link them to verb class frames, which are organized hierarchically according to the particular language. Although we adhere to the Interlingua approach, we do not do so with the translation of lexical items. In an ideal Interlingua system lexical entries should be broken down into sets of semantic features. For example the word “man” is broken down into +human +male +adult. While this works in theory, in practice we cannot find enough semantic features to describe every entity in the world. For example “cow”, “computer” and “chair” cannot be described using these sets of semantic features unless we invent a unique semantic feature for every object and this is practically impossible. 6.2.1 Verb In the UniArab system, we capture the information shown in Figure 6.4 for each verb. The verb information captured consists of Arabic Verb, English Translation, Logical Structure, Tense, Gender, Person and Number. The Arabic Verb represents one of the Arabic verbs in a specific tense, for a specific gender, person and number. The English translation is the English equivalent of the Arabic verb. The Logical Structure attribute is the RRG equivalent logical structure or lexical entry representation for the Arabic Verb. Arabic inflects verbs for tense and they agree in person, number and gender with the subject. In RRG, Tense is a verbal operator in the layer structure of the clause providing 86
6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATION IN INTERLINGUA SYSTEM BASED ON RRG information about the tense of this verb. Figure 6.4: Information recorded on the Arabic verb Table 6.1: Verb 1 Arabic verb qr֓a English translation read Logical structure [do’(x,[read’(x,(y)])] Tense past Gender m Person 3rd Number singular Table 6.2: Verb 2 Arabic verb ktbt English translation wrote Logical structure [do’(x,[write’(x,(y)])] Tense past Gender f Person 3rd Number singular In the Arabic language, tense can be past or present as the primary distinction. Gender is an Arabic attribute of the verb. The verb agrees with the subject in gender. The Person attribute could be first, second or third person. The Number attribute refers to number of the subject. In Arabic, the number of a verb can be singular, dual or plural. Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 shows an example of one Arabic verb applied to different genders. The absence of t ‘t’ suffix signifies m: gender. The English translation of these verbs are ‘read’ and ‘wrote’. 87
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A generic framework for Arabic to E
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sentence and its linking algorithm
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Declaration I herby certify that th
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advices, but also academically and
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CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
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CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
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CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
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List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
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LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
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1 Introduction The following paragr
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high-quality translation technology
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1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
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1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
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2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
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2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
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2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
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2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
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Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
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3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
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3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
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3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
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3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
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Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
Page 67 and 68: 4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
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Page 75 and 76: would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78: 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86: 4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88: 5 Design of Arabic to English machi
Page 89 and 90: 5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
Page 95 and 96: 5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
Page 97 and 98: 5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
Page 99 and 100: 6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
Page 101 and 102: 6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
Page 103 and 104: 6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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Page 109 and 110: 6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
Page 111 and 112: 6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
Page 113 and 114: 6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
Page 119 and 120: 6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
Page 121 and 122: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
Page 131 and 132: Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
Page 133 and 134: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
Page 135 and 136: 7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
Page 139 and 140: 7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
Page 141 and 142: Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
Page 143 and 144: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
Page 145 and 146: 7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
Page 147 and 148: 7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
Page 149 and 150: Now is not the end. It is not the b
Page 151 and 152: 8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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Page 155 and 156: References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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