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6.2.7 Other Arabic words 6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION In the UniArab system, we capture the information shown in Figure 6.10 for each other Arabic word. This consists of Arabic Other Word, English Translation, Logical Structure, Part of Speech, Tense, Gender, Person, Number and Definiteness. Figure 6.10: Information recorded on the other Arabic words Table 6.8: Other Arabic words (where ‘NON’ means not applicable) Arabic other words w hy English translation and she Logical structure NON NON Part of speech conjunction pronoun Tense NON NON Gender NON f Person NON 3rd Number NON singular Definiteness We allow a variety of attribute possibilities for the category ‘other’ in Arabic words for the moment. Table 6.8 shows examples of two different Arabic Other words, whose English translations are ‘and’ and ‘she’. 6.3 UniArab: Generation The target language generation phases in the UniArab system follow the syntactic re- alization model. Generation takes as input, the universal logical structure of the input sentence(s) and produces as output a morphology-syntactic realisation of the sentence in the target language. The UniArab system is designed as a universal machine translator, 92
6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which means that it can support translation of the Arabic into any other natural language with the addition of additional language generation bridges. The UniArab system is eval- uated using Arabic as source language into English as the target language. In the UniArab system phases 9, 10, 11 and 12 are for generation of the target languages, in our case this is English. For the example given under Phase 8 in Section 6.1.1, qr֓a hāld ālktāb, Khalid read the book, we have the logical structure: ˘ Verb read [do’(x,[read’(x,(y)])] sg 3rd M PAST qr֓a> where the Proper Noun is Khalid sg unspec M hāld ˘ and the Noun is the book sg def M ālktāb Firstly, the Semantic to Syntactic phase determines the actor and undergoer assignments, assigns the core arguments and assigns the predicate in the nucleus. In the UniArab system we keep all word attributes whether they are used in the target language or not. In this case, the gender of the noun the book, in Arabic is masculine, but in English book has neutral gender. In Phase 10, Syntax Generation, and Phase 11, Generate English Morphology, UniArab uses target language rule to generate the syntax. The verb logical structure gives UniArab a flag indicating how many arguments this verb takes. In this case the logical structure will be read[do’(x,[read’(x,(y)])]. Now the UniArab system replaces x with Khalid, and y with the book. The UniArab system now holds the following for this simple sentence: read[do’(Khalid,[read’(Khalid,(the book)])]. In the last phase, English Sentence Generation, the UniArab system builds the final shape of a sentence: Khalid read the book. Moreover, there are some special cases, like the UniArab system adding verb to be or changing the verb tense of the source language to 93
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A generic framework for Arabic to E
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sentence and its linking algorithm
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Declaration I herby certify that th
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advices, but also academically and
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CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
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CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
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CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
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List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
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LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
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1 Introduction The following paragr
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high-quality translation technology
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1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
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1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
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2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
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2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
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2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
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2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
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Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
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3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
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3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
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3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
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3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
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3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
Page 61 and 62: 3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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Page 65 and 66: 3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
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Page 69 and 70: 4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
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Page 75 and 76: would also be needed for an interli
Page 77 and 78: 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
Page 81 and 82: 4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
Page 85 and 86: 4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
Page 87 and 88: 5 Design of Arabic to English machi
Page 89 and 90: 5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
Page 95 and 96: 5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
Page 97 and 98: 5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
Page 99 and 100: 6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
Page 101 and 102: 6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
Page 107 and 108: 6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
Page 109 and 110: 6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
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Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
Page 119 and 120: 6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
Page 121 and 122: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
Page 131 and 132: Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
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Page 143 and 144: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
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Page 147 and 148: 7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
Page 149 and 150: Now is not the end. It is not the b
Page 151 and 152: 8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
Page 153 and 154: and proving the suitability of the
Page 155 and 156: References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
Page 157 and 158: REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 139
Page 161 and 162: • Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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