A generic framework for Arabic to English machine ... - Acsu Buffalo

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Contents Abstract iii Declaration iv Acknowledgements vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Thesis organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 The Arabic Language 8 2.1 Characteristics of the Arabic language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 Free word order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 Part of speech inventory of the Arabic language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.1 Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.1.1 Definite nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 vii
CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.2 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.3 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.4 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.4.1 Verb tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.4.2 Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.4.3 Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.4.4 Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.4.5 Transitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.5 Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.6 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4 Sentence types in Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.1 Equational sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.1.1 Verb and noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4.1.2 Verb and two nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4.1.3 Verb and three nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4.1.4 Verb and four nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4.2 The Verbal Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4.3 Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) 27 3.1 Role and Reference Grammar linguistic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2 Formal representation of layered structure of the clause . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.1 Representing the universal aspects of the layered structure of the clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.2 Layered structure of the clause (LSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 viii
Page 1 and 2: A generic framework for Arabic to E
Page 3 and 4: sentence and its linking algorithm
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I herby certify that th
Page 7: advices, but also academically and
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The following paragr
Page 23 and 24: high-quality translation technology
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
Page 33 and 34: 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 37 and 38: 2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
Page 39 and 40: 2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
Page 41 and 42: 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
Page 43 and 44: 2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
Page 47 and 48: 3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
Page 57 and 58: 3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
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3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
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3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
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4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
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4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
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4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
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4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
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would also be needed for an interli
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4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
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Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
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4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
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Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
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4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
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5 Design of Arabic to English machi
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5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
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5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
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5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
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6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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6.2. UNIARAB: LEXICAL REPRESENTATIO
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6.3. UNIARAB: GENERATION which mean
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Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
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6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
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6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
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Table 7.2: Test : Verb-subject; agr
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Figure 7.4: Verb-subject agreement
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Table 7.5: Test : gender-ambiguous
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Table 7.7: Test : Verb ‘to be’
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Table 7.9: Test : Verb ‘to have
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS Table 7.11: Tes
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7.2.6 Pro-drop Arabic Table 7.13: T
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Table 7.15: Test : Intransitive 2 A
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7.2.7.3 Ditransitive Table 7.17: Te
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Table 7.19: Test : Ditransitive wit
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7.2. SENTENCE TESTS In a case where
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7.3 System evaluation 7.3. SYSTEM E
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7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
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Now is not the end. It is not the b
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8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
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and proving the suitability of the
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References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
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REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A.,
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Appendix 139
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• Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
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Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
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C List of translatable sentences I
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she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
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Jack is eating with the spoon.
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Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
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Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
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Carl is brushing his hair. ym
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I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
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Omar gave the book to Khalid.
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D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic Example Logical Structure
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Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
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Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
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Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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