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REFERENCES Hutchins, J. and Somers, H. L., 1992. An introduction to machine translation. Academic Press. ibn Abd Allah Ibn Malik, M., 1984. Alfiyat Ibn Malik. Maktabat al-Adab. Intelligence, A. B., 2004. Abi research. http://www.abiresearch.com/abiprdisplay2.jsp?pressid=116. Izwaini, S., 2006. Problems of Arabic machine translation: evaluation of three systems. In The British Computer Society (BSC), London ., pages 118–148. Khan, M. A. S., 2007. Arabic Tutor - Volume One, volume one. Madrasah In’aamiyyah. Laoudi, J., Tate, C., and Voss, C., 2004. Towards an automated evaluation of an embed- ded mt system. In roceedings of the European Association for Machine Translation Workshop, Malta. Microsoft, 2009. Microsoft translator. http://www.windowslivetranslator.com/Default.aspx. Nolan, B. and Salem, Y., 2009. UniArab: An RRG Arabic-to-English Machine Trans- lation Software. In Proceedings of The 2009 International Conference on Role and Reference Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Nunes, M., 1993. Argument Linking in English Derived Nominals In Van Valin (ed) Advances in Role and Reference Grammar. John Benjamins. Oren, T., 2004. Machine translation and the global blogosphere. http://www.windsofchange.net/archives/006011.html. website. Owens, J., 2006. A Linguistic History of Arabic. Oxford University Press. Ramsay, A. and Mansour, H., 2006. Local constraints on Arabic word order. In 5th International Conference on NLP, FinTAL 2006, pages 447–457. Ryding, K. C., 2007. A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition. 136
REFERENCES Salem, Y., Hensman, A., and Nolan, B., 2008a. Implementing Arabic-to-English machine translation using the Role and Reference Grammar linguistic model. In Proceed- ings of the Eighth Annual International Conference on Information Technology and Telecommunication (IT&T 2008), Galway, Ireland. Salem, Y., Hensman, A., and Nolan, B., 2008b. Towards Arabic to English machine translation. ITB Journal, 17:20–31. Salem, Y. and Nolan, B., 2009a. An Arabic-to-English machine translation system using an XML-based Role and Reference Grammar representation. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Salem, Y. and Nolan, B., 2009b. Designing an XML lexicon architecture for Arabic machine translation based on Role and Reference Grammar. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools (MEDAR 2009), Cairo, Egypt. Salem, Y. and Nolan, B., 2009c. UNIARAB: An universal machine translator system for Arabic Based on Role and Reference Grammar. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Germany (DGfS 2009). Schulz, E., 2005. A Student Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press. Trujillo, A., 1999. Translation Engines: Techniques for Machine Translation. Springer. Turian, J. P., Shen, L., and Melamed, I. D., 2003. Evaluation of machine translation and its evaluation. In Proceedings of the MT Summit IX, New Orleans, USA, pages 386–393. Van Valin, R., 1993. Advances in Role and Reference Grammar. John Benjamins. 137
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A generic framework for Arabic to E
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sentence and its linking algorithm
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Declaration I herby certify that th
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advices, but also academically and
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CONTENTS 2.3.1.2 Indefinite nouns .
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CONTENTS 4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet s
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CONTENTS 7.2.8 Limitation of UniAra
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.4 Difference betw
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List of Tables 2.1 Dual: merely add
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LIST OF TABLES 5.9 Test strategy: p
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1 Introduction The following paragr
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high-quality translation technology
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1.3. TECHNOLOGIES ditransitive). Th
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1.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION 2009b). Ch
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2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC
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2.2 Characteristics of Arabic words
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2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC WORD
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.3.4 Verbs 2.3. PART OF SPEECH INV
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2.3.4.2 Aspect 2.3. PART OF SPEECH
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2.3. PART OF SPEECH INVENTORY OF TH
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2.4.1.1 Verb and noun 2.4. SENTENCE
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Table 2.27: verb(V), subject(S) and
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3 Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)
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3.1. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR LIN
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3.2. FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF LAYER
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3.3. NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE appropri
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3.4. LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR VE
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3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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3.5. WHY WE USE RRG AS THE LINGUIST
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3.6. SUMMARY there will be more com
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4.1. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE TRANSLAT
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4.2.3 Lexical databases 4.2. COMPUT
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4.3.2 Direct translation 4.3. BASIC
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4.3. BASIC MACHINE TRANSLATION STRA
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would also be needed for an interli
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4.4.1 Non-Roman alphabet scripts 4.
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Figure 4.5: NP rule (NP -> det n pp
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4.5. CHALLENGES OF ARABIC TO ENGLIS
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Figure 4.7: Direct MT system 4.6.2
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4.7 Summary Figure 4.9: Structure t
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5 Design of Arabic to English machi
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5.2. DESIGNING AN XML LEXICON ARCHI
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5.3. DESIGN OF TEST STRATEGY Table
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5.4. DESIGN OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
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6 UniArab: a proof-of-concept Arabi
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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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6.1. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF THE UN
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Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.11: UniArab’s GUI 1 6.4.
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.1 Lexicon interface Figure 6.13
Page 119 and 120: 6.6 Summary 6.6. SUMMARY We present
Page 121 and 122: 7.2. SENTENCE TESTS to which standa
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Page 147 and 148: 7.3. SYSTEM EVALUATION search engin
Page 149 and 150: Now is not the end. It is not the b
Page 151 and 152: 8.1. THESIS SUMMARY and so we hope
Page 153 and 154: and proving the suitability of the
Page 155: References Abn-Aqeal, 2007. sharah
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 139
Page 161 and 162: • Yasser Salem and Brian Nolan. 2
Page 163 and 164: Arabic Letter and Phonetic Value Le
Page 165 and 166: C List of translatable sentences I
Page 167 and 168: she is an engineer. Zaid loves Fati
Page 169 and 170: Jack is eating with the spoon.
Page 171 and 172: Ayah tore the page. ֓āyh
Page 173 and 174: Eman saw Sarah. r֓at ֓iymā
Page 175 and 176: Carl is brushing his hair. ym
Page 177 and 178: I want a book. ֓aryd ktāb
Page 179 and 180: Omar gave the book to Khalid.
Page 181 and 182: D Verbs in lexicon Verbs in Arabic
Page 183 and 184: Arabic Example Logical Structure
Page 185 and 186: Arabic Example Logical Structure
Page 187 and 188: Arabic ys. rs. r Example the wheel
Page 189 and 190: Arabic ֓adrs Example I am teach
Page 191 and 192: Package: Name of Class Class Summar
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