Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of the natural relationship in which Adam stood to the race. The usual Reformed representation is a different one. (2) The covenant relationship. To the natural relationship in which Adam stood to his descendants God graciously added a covenant relationship containing several positive elements: (a) An element of representation. God ordained that in this covenant Adam should not stand for himself only, but as the representative of all his descendants. Consequently, he was the head of the race not only in a parental, but also in a federal sense. (b) An element of probation. While apart from this covenant Adam and his descendants would have been in a continual state of trial, with a constant danger of sinning, the covenant guaranteed that persistent perseverance for a fixed period of time would be rewarded with the establishment of man in a permanent state of holiness and bliss. (c) An element of reward or punishment. According to the terms of the covenant Adam would obtain a rightful claim to eternal life, if he fulfilled the conditions of the covenant. And not only he, but all his descendants as well would have shared in this blessing. In its normal operation, therefore, the covenant arrangement would have been of incalculable benefit for mankind. But there was a possibility that man would disobey, thereby reversing the operation of the covenant, and in that case the results would naturally be correspondingly disastrous. Transgression of the covenant commandment would result in death. Adam chose the course of disobedience, corrupted himself by sin, became guilty in the sight of God, and as such subject to the sentence of death. And because he was the federal representative of the race, his disobedience affected all his descendants. In His righteous judgment God imputes the guilt of the first sin, committed by the head of the covenant, to all those that are federally related to him. And as a result they are born in a depraved and sinful condition as well, and this inherent corruption also involves guilt. This doctrine explains why only the first sin of Adam, and not his following sins nor the sins of our other forefathers, is imputed to us, and also safeguards the sinlessness of Jesus, for He was not a human person and therefore not in the covenant of works. c. The theory of mediate imputation. This theory denies that the guilt of Adam’s sin is directly imputed to his descendants, and represents the matter as follows: Adam’s descendants derive their innate corruption from him by a process of natural generation, and only on the basis of that inherent depravity which they share with him are they also considered guilty of his apostasy. They are not born corrupt because they are guilty in Adam, but they are considered guilty because they are corrupt. Their condition is not based on their legal status, but their legal status on their condition. This theory, first advocated by Placeus, was adopted by the younger Vitringa and Venema, by several 266
New England theologians, and by some of the New School theologians in the Presbyterian Church. This theory is objectionable for several reasons: (1) A thing cannot be mediated by its own consequences. The inherent depravity with which the descendants of Adam are born is already the result of Adam’s sin, and therefore cannot be considered as the basis on which they are guilty of the sin of Adam. (2) It offers no objective ground whatsoever for the transmission of Adam’s guilt and depravity to all his descendants. Yet there must be some objective legal ground for this. (3) If this theory were consistent, it ought to teach the mediate imputation of the sins of all previous generations to those following, for their joint corruption is passed on by generation. (4) It also proceeds on the assumption that there can be moral corruption that is not at the same time guilt, a corruption that does not in itself make one liable to punishment. (5) And finally, if the inherent corruption which is present in the descendants of Adam can be regarded as the legal ground for the explanation of something else, there is no more need of any mediate imputation. 267
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
Page 128 and 129:
purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
Page 216 and 217: all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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Page 220 and 221: of God extends to everything in whi
Page 222 and 223: 4. Another element usually included
Page 224 and 225: essential to man’s nature, for th
Page 226 and 227: the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
Page 228 and 229: Adam was before he was endowed with
Page 230 and 231: IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
Page 232 and 233: etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
Page 234 and 235: 4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
Page 236 and 237: and becoming subject to the power o
Page 238 and 239: militate against this view: (a) Man
Page 240 and 241: Church finally culminated in Pelagi
Page 242 and 243: ing a clean thing out of an unclean
Page 244 and 245: asserts that by eating from the tre
Page 246 and 247: Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
Page 248 and 249: Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
Page 250 and 251: A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
Page 252 and 253: transgression of the law of God, an
Page 254 and 255: speaks of sin, there can be no doub
Page 256 and 257: contention that repeated sinful dee
Page 258 and 259: all moral value. It is only as an e
Page 260 and 261: III. The Transmission of Sin Script
Page 262 and 263: “immediate” imputation of his g
Page 264 and 265: under condemnation and therefore ne
Page 268 and 269: IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
Page 270 and 271: Christ, and much less by mere pardo
Page 272 and 273: God. The distinction under consider
Page 274 and 275: human race fell away from God; but
Page 276 and 277: does not merely denote those extern
Page 278 and 279: Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
Page 280 and 281: V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
Page 282 and 283: Himself as the Holy One and necessa
Page 284 and 285: Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
Page 286 and 287: 3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
Page 288 and 289: MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
Page 290 and 291: B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
Page 292 and 293: II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
Page 294 and 295: 4. There are two Old Testament pass
Page 296 and 297: the suretyship of Christ the ground
Page 298 and 299: e. That He would give unto Him a nu
Page 300 and 301: III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
Page 302 and 303: nevertheless felt that it was a sub
Page 304 and 305: ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
Page 306 and 307: spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
Page 308 and 309: of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
Page 310 and 311: exactly to those who ignore the con
Page 312 and 313: econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
Page 314 and 315: They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
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elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
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him, Eutychus and his followers cer
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knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
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natures works with its own special
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2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
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properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
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special sufferings of the Saviour m
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as the Lord says, “He was cut off
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flesh, but live according to God in
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II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
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doctrine was excogitated, but that
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the fundamental tenet that miracles
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Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
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Christ, it also included a local mo
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convey His blessings to the saints,
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teachings respecting them are merel
Page 392 and 393:
discriminate the one function clear
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to protest against mere formalism,
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exactly an atonement of the second
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high priest, clearly pre-figured a
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the invisible God, and especially o
Page 402 and 403:
of the coming reality. Speaking of
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III. The Cause and Necessity of the
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the satisfaction due, which God was
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of God and is not, as Socinus would
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at least in part, to blame who spea
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a. The fundamental character of the
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2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
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as transgression of the law, I John
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an objective atonement, for they ar
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had given Him. (2) God demands, or
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3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
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V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
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atonement, and in many respects his
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pardoning whom He will without dema
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5. Like the moral influence and the
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on the fact that He vicariously end
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c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
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3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
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as contrasted with all who are in A
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not die, in some other than a savin
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VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
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of Christ, carrying it to completio
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4. And in and through it all there
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those prayers are effective. They w
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elation between the two may be indi
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“kingdom of God” is used in var
Page 454 and 455:
B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
Page 456 and 457:
of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
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studied theologically rather than a
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Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
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as kings. In connection with the fi
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3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
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This is the type of Arminianism wit
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identity” and makes them in all r
Page 470 and 471:
done in connection with the constru
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2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
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enabled will, to do the good. In hi
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of modern liberal theology, with it
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the mind but also acts directly on
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namely, to the elect. In course of
Page 482 and 483:
than the non-elect. It is a matter
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material blessings are generally of
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operation at once after the fall. L
Page 488 and 489:
4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
Page 494 and 495:
spiritual good? Is the good which t
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1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
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understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
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2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
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that in the moral sphere? How shoul
Page 504 and 505:
1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
Page 506 and 507:
Experience taught them that many ga
Page 508 and 509:
etween the two and to avoid both th
Page 510 and 511:
y faith. But, in order that this co
Page 512 and 513:
gospel to every creature. He that b
Page 514 and 515:
sentence of death, and blesses them
Page 516 and 517:
clear distinction was made between
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etween regeneration and conversion.
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1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
Page 522 and 523:
eference to it. Calling, on the oth
Page 524 and 525:
God, for they are foolishness unto
Page 526 and 527:
a. Regeneration is a creative act,
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that we need not be in doubt respec
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divine-human life of Christ came in
Page 532 and 533:
VII. Conversion From the discussion
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idea of repentance in its sacrament
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Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
Page 538 and 539:
conscious life of the Christian the
Page 540 and 541:
nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
Page 542 and 543:
These are but different names for t
Page 544 and 545:
conversion is quite evident from su
Page 546 and 547:
conversion always preceded by ‘co
Page 548 and 549:
and in his testimony, which as such
Page 550 and 551:
something is wanting, are conscious
Page 552 and 553:
despiser of God may receive what is
Page 554 and 555:
Even in the period of the law faith
Page 556 and 557:
characteristic of faith in the less
Page 558 and 559:
genuine, but evanescent in characte
Page 560 and 561:
give the believer some idea of the
Page 562 and 563:
articles of faith, but it does clai
Page 564 and 565:
say this, and there are reasons to
Page 566 and 567:
is never a believer or a Christian,
Page 568 and 569:
8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
Page 570 and 571:
pardons our sins and accepts us as
Page 572 and 573:
The pardon granted in justification
Page 574 and 575:
eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
Page 576 and 577:
a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
Page 578 and 579:
true that, when Christ rendered ful
Page 580 and 581:
asis of their good works, he would
Page 582 and 583:
1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
Page 584 and 585:
ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
Page 586 and 587:
X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
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purification, it includes the idea
Page 590 and 591:
connection between the former, in w
Page 592 and 593:
nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
Page 594 and 595:
ational being, by requiring of him
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without it, and are therefore alway
Page 598 and 599:
justification, the degree of sancti
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perfection. Even the most notable s
Page 602 and 603:
without this no one can have the di
Page 604 and 605:
of believers remain imperfect in th
Page 606 and 607:
XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
Page 608 and 609:
though He repented of it. This is a
Page 610 and 611:
e an incentive for sin. It would se
Page 612 and 613:
PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
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I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
Page 616 and 617:
namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
Page 618 and 619:
universal Church. The increasing wo
Page 620 and 621:
The invisible Church becomes visibl
Page 622 and 623:
II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
Page 624 and 625:
Christians formed into distinct org
Page 626 and 627:
2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
Page 628 and 629:
Church as an institution (also call
Page 630 and 631:
of some Premillenarian writers as t
Page 632 and 633:
foreigners could enter it by being
Page 634 and 635:
controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
Page 636 and 637:
in religion. Unless it changes colo
Page 638 and 639:
1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
Page 640 and 641:
central truths of the gospel will n
Page 642 and 643:
III. The Government of the Church A
Page 644 and 645:
declarative, and are not binding on
Page 646 and 647:
the Head primarily, though not excl
Page 648 and 649:
5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
Page 650 and 651:
entrusted to their care. They had t
Page 652 and 653:
office, but allowed the people to t
Page 654 and 655:
(1) That every local church is a co
Page 656 and 657:
c. The matters that fall under thei
Page 658 and 659:
IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
Page 660 and 661:
Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
Page 662 and 663:
in order that all this work may be
Page 664 and 665:
authority, but maintain the right t
Page 666 and 667:
subject to disciplinary action by t
Page 668 and 669:
of a communion of goods the early C
Page 670 and 671:
THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
Page 672 and 673:
partakers of Christ and all His ben
Page 674 and 675:
Reformation and of later times, vir
Page 676 and 677:
II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
Page 678 and 679:
deposit, which is now so inseparabl
Page 680 and 681:
say that there is no gospel in the
Page 682 and 683:
and that the law awakens the consci
Page 684 and 685:
litigation. After the decision of t
Page 686 and 687:
necessary only in the sense that th
Page 688 and 689:
orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
Page 690 and 691:
or parents, were accounted as clean
Page 692 and 693:
2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
Page 694 and 695:
second century on the idea graduall
Page 696 and 697:
in something that has no cleansing
Page 698 and 699:
that, according to Greek usage, bap
Page 700 and 701:
F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
Page 702 and 703:
clearly an organic concept, and its
Page 704 and 705:
and youths, and old men.” 51 This
Page 706 and 707:
were baptized, though it does appri
Page 708 and 709:
is in duty bound to regard them as
Page 710 and 711:
The great Reformer answered this ob
Page 712 and 713:
e. The extension of baptism to chil
Page 714 and 715:
V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
Page 716 and 717:
not exclude the possibility of His
Page 718 and 719:
from the fact that the third cup, g
Page 720 and 721:
synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
Page 722 and 723:
certainly ours as if we ourselves h
Page 724 and 725:
Unworthy communicants also receive
Page 726 and 727:
passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
Page 734 and 735:
dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
Page 736 and 737:
i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
Page 738 and 739:
eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
Page 740 and 741:
not opposed to each other as existe
Page 742 and 743:
emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
Page 744 and 745:
II. The Immortality of the Soul In
Page 746 and 747:
parts. But the soul as a spiritual
Page 748 and 749:
eal core of the Old Testament hope
Page 750 and 751:
immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
Page 760 and 761:
There are also several passages in
Page 762 and 763:
deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
Page 766 and 767:
e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
Page 770 and 771:
GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
Page 772 and 773:
maintained that there are no predic
Page 774 and 775:
emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
Page 776 and 777:
overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
Page 796 and 797:
sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
Page 798 and 799:
Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
Page 800 and 801:
ighteous and that of the wicked, an
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Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
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the day of the Lord, and with the e
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which will occur only after some ti
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IV. The Final Judgment Another one
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the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
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hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
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exactly twenty-four hours, since th
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V. The Final State The last judgmen
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B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
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Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
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Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
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CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
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SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
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Barth, The Church and the Churches,
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Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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