Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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is never a believer or a Christian, but always a sinner? How do you account for his denial that faith includes assurance? LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. IV, pp. 83-127; Kuyper, Dict. Dogm., De Salute, pp. 98-131; ibid., Het Werk van den Heiligen Geest II, pp. 233-297; Vos, Geref. Dogm. IV., pp. 82-154; Hodge, Syst. Theol. III, pp. 41-113; Shedd, Dogm. Theol. II, pp. 531-534; Dabney, Syst. and Polem. Theol., pp. 600-612; McPherson, Chr. Dogm., pp. 388-393; Schmid, Doct. Theol. of the Ev. Luth. Ch., pp. 416-430; Valentine, Chr. Theol. II. pp. 232-241; Kaftan, Dogm., pp. 656-681: Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp. 282-296: Pope, Chr. Theol. II, pp. 376-385; Pictet, Theol., pp. 298-309; Inge, Faith and Its Psychology; Machen, What is Faith?; O’Brian, The Nature and Effects of Faith; Moehler, Symbolism or Doctrinal Differences; Bavinck, De Zekerheid des Geloofs; Berkhof, The Assurance of Faith; Wernecke, “Faith” in the New Testament; Warfield, The Biblical Doctrine of Faith (in Biblical Doctrines, VIII). 566
IX. Justification A. THE SCRIPTURAL TERMS FOR JUSTIFICATION AND THEIR MEANING. 1. THE OLD TESTAMENT TERM. The Hebrew term for “to justify” is hitsdik, which in the great majority of cases means “to declare judicially that one’s state is in harmony with the demands of the law, Ex. 23:7; Deut. 25:1; Prov. 17:15; Isa. 5:23. The piel tsiddek occasionally has the same meaning, Jer. 3:11; Ezek. 16:50,51. The meaning of these words is therefore strictly forensic or legal. Since Roman Catholics, such representatives of the moral influence theory of the atonement as John Young of Edinburgh and Horace Bushnell, and also the Unitarians and modern liberal theologians, deny the legal meaning of the term “to justify,” and ascribe to it the moral sense of “to make just or righteous,” it becomes important to take careful notice of the considerations that may be urged in favor of the legal meaning. That this is the proper denotation of the word appears (a) from the terms placed in contrast with it, as, for instance “condemnation,” Deut. 25:1; Prov. 17:15; Isa. 5:23; (b) from the correlative terms placed in juxtaposition with it and which often imply a process of judgment, Gen. 18:25; Ps. 143:2; (c) from the equivalent expressions that are sometimes used, Gen. 15:6; Ps. 32:1,2; and (d) from the fact that a passage like Prov. 17:15 would yield an impossible sense, if the word meant “to make just.” The meaning would then be: He who morally improves the life of the wicked is an abomination to the Lord. There are a couple of passages, however, in which the word means more than simply “to declare righteous,” namely, Isa. 53:11; Dan. 12:3. But even in these cases the sense is not “to make good or holy,” but rather “to alter the condition so that man can be considered righteous.” 2. THE NEW TESTAMENT TERMS AND THEIR USE. Here we have: a. The verb dikaio-o. This verb means in general “to declare a person to be just. Occasionally it refers to a personal declaration that one’s moral character is in conformity with the law, Matt. 12:37; Luke 7:29; Rom. 3:4. In the Epistles of Paul the soteriological meaning of the term is clearly in the foreground. It is “to declare forensically that the demands of the law as a condition of life are fully satisfied with regard to a person, Acts 13:39; Rom. 5:1,9; 8:30-33; I Cor. 6:11; Gal. 2:16; 3:11. In the case of this word, just as in that of hitsdik, the forensic meaning of the term is proved by the following facts: (a) in many instances it can bear no other sense, Rom. 3:20-28; 4:5-7; 5:1; Gal. 2:16; 3:11; 5:4; (b) it is placed in antithetic relation to “condemnation” in Rom. 567
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
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purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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“immediate” imputation of his g
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under condemnation and therefore ne
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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
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IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
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Christ, and much less by mere pardo
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God. The distinction under consider
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human race fell away from God; but
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does not merely denote those extern
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Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
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V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
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Himself as the Holy One and necessa
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Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
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3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
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MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
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B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
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II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
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4. There are two Old Testament pass
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the suretyship of Christ the ground
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e. That He would give unto Him a nu
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III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
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nevertheless felt that it was a sub
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ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
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spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
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of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
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exactly to those who ignore the con
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econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
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They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
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elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
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him, Eutychus and his followers cer
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knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
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natures works with its own special
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2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
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properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
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special sufferings of the Saviour m
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as the Lord says, “He was cut off
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flesh, but live according to God in
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II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
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doctrine was excogitated, but that
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the fundamental tenet that miracles
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Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
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Christ, it also included a local mo
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convey His blessings to the saints,
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teachings respecting them are merel
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discriminate the one function clear
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to protest against mere formalism,
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exactly an atonement of the second
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high priest, clearly pre-figured a
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the invisible God, and especially o
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of the coming reality. Speaking of
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III. The Cause and Necessity of the
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the satisfaction due, which God was
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of God and is not, as Socinus would
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at least in part, to blame who spea
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a. The fundamental character of the
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2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
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as transgression of the law, I John
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an objective atonement, for they ar
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had given Him. (2) God demands, or
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3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
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V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
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atonement, and in many respects his
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pardoning whom He will without dema
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5. Like the moral influence and the
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on the fact that He vicariously end
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c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
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3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
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as contrasted with all who are in A
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not die, in some other than a savin
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VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
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of Christ, carrying it to completio
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4. And in and through it all there
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those prayers are effective. They w
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elation between the two may be indi
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“kingdom of God” is used in var
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B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
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of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
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studied theologically rather than a
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Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
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as kings. In connection with the fi
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3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
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This is the type of Arminianism wit
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identity” and makes them in all r
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done in connection with the constru
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2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
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enabled will, to do the good. In hi
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of modern liberal theology, with it
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the mind but also acts directly on
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namely, to the elect. In course of
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than the non-elect. It is a matter
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material blessings are generally of
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operation at once after the fall. L
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4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
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spiritual good? Is the good which t
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1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
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understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
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2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
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that in the moral sphere? How shoul
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1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
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Experience taught them that many ga
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etween the two and to avoid both th
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y faith. But, in order that this co
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gospel to every creature. He that b
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sentence of death, and blesses them
Page 516 and 517: clear distinction was made between
Page 518 and 519: etween regeneration and conversion.
Page 520 and 521: 1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
Page 522 and 523: eference to it. Calling, on the oth
Page 524 and 525: God, for they are foolishness unto
Page 526 and 527: a. Regeneration is a creative act,
Page 528 and 529: that we need not be in doubt respec
Page 530 and 531: divine-human life of Christ came in
Page 532 and 533: VII. Conversion From the discussion
Page 534 and 535: idea of repentance in its sacrament
Page 536 and 537: Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
Page 538 and 539: conscious life of the Christian the
Page 540 and 541: nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
Page 542 and 543: These are but different names for t
Page 544 and 545: conversion is quite evident from su
Page 546 and 547: conversion always preceded by ‘co
Page 548 and 549: and in his testimony, which as such
Page 550 and 551: something is wanting, are conscious
Page 552 and 553: despiser of God may receive what is
Page 554 and 555: Even in the period of the law faith
Page 556 and 557: characteristic of faith in the less
Page 558 and 559: genuine, but evanescent in characte
Page 560 and 561: give the believer some idea of the
Page 562 and 563: articles of faith, but it does clai
Page 564 and 565: say this, and there are reasons to
Page 568 and 569: 8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
Page 570 and 571: pardons our sins and accepts us as
Page 572 and 573: The pardon granted in justification
Page 574 and 575: eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
Page 576 and 577: a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
Page 578 and 579: true that, when Christ rendered ful
Page 580 and 581: asis of their good works, he would
Page 582 and 583: 1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
Page 584 and 585: ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
Page 586 and 587: X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
Page 588 and 589: purification, it includes the idea
Page 590 and 591: connection between the former, in w
Page 592 and 593: nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
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Page 596 and 597: without it, and are therefore alway
Page 598 and 599: justification, the degree of sancti
Page 600 and 601: perfection. Even the most notable s
Page 602 and 603: without this no one can have the di
Page 604 and 605: of believers remain imperfect in th
Page 606 and 607: XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
Page 608 and 609: though He repented of it. This is a
Page 610 and 611: e an incentive for sin. It would se
Page 612 and 613: PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
Page 614 and 615: I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
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namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
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universal Church. The increasing wo
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The invisible Church becomes visibl
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II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
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Christians formed into distinct org
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2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
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Church as an institution (also call
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of some Premillenarian writers as t
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foreigners could enter it by being
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controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
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in religion. Unless it changes colo
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1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
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central truths of the gospel will n
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III. The Government of the Church A
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declarative, and are not binding on
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the Head primarily, though not excl
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5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
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entrusted to their care. They had t
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office, but allowed the people to t
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(1) That every local church is a co
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c. The matters that fall under thei
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IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
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Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
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in order that all this work may be
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authority, but maintain the right t
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subject to disciplinary action by t
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of a communion of goods the early C
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THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
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partakers of Christ and all His ben
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Reformation and of later times, vir
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II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
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deposit, which is now so inseparabl
Page 680 and 681:
say that there is no gospel in the
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and that the law awakens the consci
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litigation. After the decision of t
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necessary only in the sense that th
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orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
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or parents, were accounted as clean
Page 692 and 693:
2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
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second century on the idea graduall
Page 696 and 697:
in something that has no cleansing
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that, according to Greek usage, bap
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F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
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clearly an organic concept, and its
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and youths, and old men.” 51 This
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were baptized, though it does appri
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is in duty bound to regard them as
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The great Reformer answered this ob
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e. The extension of baptism to chil
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V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
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not exclude the possibility of His
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from the fact that the third cup, g
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synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
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certainly ours as if we ourselves h
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Unworthy communicants also receive
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passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
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dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
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i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
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eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
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not opposed to each other as existe
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emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
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II. The Immortality of the Soul In
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parts. But the soul as a spiritual
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eal core of the Old Testament hope
Page 750 and 751:
immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
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There are also several passages in
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deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
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e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
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GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
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maintained that there are no predic
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emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
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overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
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Historically, there have been diffe
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1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
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coming on the day of Pentecost, and
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
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1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
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did not establish the Kingdom, but
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occasion for a critical considerati
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c. This theory is also in flagrant
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B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
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sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
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Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
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ighteous and that of the wicked, an
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Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
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the day of the Lord, and with the e
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which will occur only after some ti
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IV. The Final Judgment Another one
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the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
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hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
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exactly twenty-four hours, since th
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V. The Final State The last judgmen
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B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
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Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
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Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
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CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
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Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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