Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMPOSSIBLE TRANSFER OF WRATH. It is pointed out that this doctrine of the atonement holds that God transferred His wrath against the sinner to the Mediator, which is unthinkable; and that He also transferred the punishment of the sinner to Christ, which is manifestly illegal. In answer to this it may be said, however, that the wrath of God does not partake of the nature of personal vindictiveness, such as we witness among men, and which they would find it hard to transfer from the object of their hatred to a perfectly innocent person. It is God’s holy displeasure against sin, a displeasure to which the sinner is also exposed as long as the guilt of sin is not removed. It is also quite natural that, when the guilt of sin as liability to punishment was transferred to Jesus Christ, the wrath of God against sin was similarly transferred. Moreover, it cannot be said that the transfer of the punishment to Christ was manifestly illegal, because, as a matter of fact, He identified Himself with His people. He made satisfaction as the responsible Head of a community for those who in union with Him constituted one legal corporate body. This responsible union was constituted, says Hodge, (a) by His own voluntary assumption of the legal responsibilities of His people, (b) by the recognition of His sponsorship by God, and (c) by His assumption of our nature. 4. SUCH AN ATONEMENT IS NOT TAUGHT IN THE GOSPELS. Some are of the opinion that the Bible teaches no vicarious atonement or, if the Bible does, the Gospels certainly do not. And after all, it is what Jesus taught, and not what Paul said, that counts. We need not enter upon a lengthy discussion of this matter, since we have already shown that there is abundant proof for a vicarious atonement in Scripture. It is true that it does not stand out so clearly in the teachings of the Gospels as in those of the Epistles, but this is due to the fact (to express it in the words of Crawford) “that the purpose of our Lord’s personal ministry in His life and death were not so much the full preaching of the atonement, as the full accomplishment of the atonement in order to the preaching of it.” 48 Yet even the Gospels contain sufficient evidence for it, Matt. 20:28; John 1:29; 3:16; 10:11; 15:13; Matt. 26:27; John 6:51. 5. SUCH A DOCTRINE IS IMMORAL AND INJURIOUS. It is also claimed that this view of the atonement is immoral and injurious in its practical tendency. It is said to undermine the authority of the moral law, and to weaken, if not destroy, the force of our obligations and inducements to personal holiness. This objection was already made to the doctrine of free grace in the days of Paul. The charge is not true, however, for this theory more than any other upholds the majesty of the law, and in no way minimizes the obligation 48 The Atonement, p. 385. 422
of the redeemed sinner to render full obedience to the law. On the contrary, it offers several incentives to personal holiness, by emphasizing the exceeding sinfulness of sin, by displaying the unspeakable love of God and of Jesus Christ, and by the assurance of divine aid in the struggle of life, and of the acceptance of our imperfect services in Christ. 423
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
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purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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“immediate” imputation of his g
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under condemnation and therefore ne
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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
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IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
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Christ, and much less by mere pardo
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God. The distinction under consider
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human race fell away from God; but
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does not merely denote those extern
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Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
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V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
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Himself as the Holy One and necessa
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Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
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3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
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MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
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B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
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II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
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4. There are two Old Testament pass
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the suretyship of Christ the ground
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e. That He would give unto Him a nu
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III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
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nevertheless felt that it was a sub
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ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
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spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
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of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
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exactly to those who ignore the con
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econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
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They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
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elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
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him, Eutychus and his followers cer
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knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
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natures works with its own special
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2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
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properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
Page 372 and 373: special sufferings of the Saviour m
Page 374 and 375: as the Lord says, “He was cut off
Page 376 and 377: flesh, but live according to God in
Page 378 and 379: II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
Page 380 and 381: doctrine was excogitated, but that
Page 382 and 383: the fundamental tenet that miracles
Page 384 and 385: Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
Page 386 and 387: Christ, it also included a local mo
Page 388 and 389: convey His blessings to the saints,
Page 390 and 391: teachings respecting them are merel
Page 392 and 393: discriminate the one function clear
Page 394 and 395: to protest against mere formalism,
Page 396 and 397: exactly an atonement of the second
Page 398 and 399: high priest, clearly pre-figured a
Page 400 and 401: the invisible God, and especially o
Page 402 and 403: of the coming reality. Speaking of
Page 404 and 405: III. The Cause and Necessity of the
Page 406 and 407: the satisfaction due, which God was
Page 408 and 409: of God and is not, as Socinus would
Page 410 and 411: at least in part, to blame who spea
Page 412 and 413: a. The fundamental character of the
Page 414 and 415: 2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
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Page 418 and 419: an objective atonement, for they ar
Page 420 and 421: had given Him. (2) God demands, or
Page 424 and 425: V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
Page 426 and 427: atonement, and in many respects his
Page 428 and 429: pardoning whom He will without dema
Page 430 and 431: 5. Like the moral influence and the
Page 432 and 433: on the fact that He vicariously end
Page 434 and 435: c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
Page 436 and 437: 3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
Page 438 and 439: as contrasted with all who are in A
Page 440 and 441: not die, in some other than a savin
Page 442 and 443: VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
Page 444 and 445: of Christ, carrying it to completio
Page 446 and 447: 4. And in and through it all there
Page 448 and 449: those prayers are effective. They w
Page 450 and 451: elation between the two may be indi
Page 452 and 453: “kingdom of God” is used in var
Page 454 and 455: B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
Page 456 and 457: of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
Page 458 and 459: studied theologically rather than a
Page 460 and 461: Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
Page 462 and 463: as kings. In connection with the fi
Page 464 and 465: 3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
Page 466 and 467: This is the type of Arminianism wit
Page 468 and 469: identity” and makes them in all r
Page 470 and 471: done in connection with the constru
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2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
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enabled will, to do the good. In hi
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of modern liberal theology, with it
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the mind but also acts directly on
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namely, to the elect. In course of
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than the non-elect. It is a matter
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material blessings are generally of
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operation at once after the fall. L
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4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
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spiritual good? Is the good which t
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1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
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understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
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2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
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that in the moral sphere? How shoul
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1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
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Experience taught them that many ga
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etween the two and to avoid both th
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y faith. But, in order that this co
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gospel to every creature. He that b
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sentence of death, and blesses them
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clear distinction was made between
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etween regeneration and conversion.
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1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
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eference to it. Calling, on the oth
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God, for they are foolishness unto
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a. Regeneration is a creative act,
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that we need not be in doubt respec
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divine-human life of Christ came in
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VII. Conversion From the discussion
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idea of repentance in its sacrament
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Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
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conscious life of the Christian the
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nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
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These are but different names for t
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conversion is quite evident from su
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conversion always preceded by ‘co
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and in his testimony, which as such
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something is wanting, are conscious
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despiser of God may receive what is
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Even in the period of the law faith
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characteristic of faith in the less
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genuine, but evanescent in characte
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give the believer some idea of the
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articles of faith, but it does clai
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say this, and there are reasons to
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is never a believer or a Christian,
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8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
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pardons our sins and accepts us as
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The pardon granted in justification
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eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
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a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
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true that, when Christ rendered ful
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asis of their good works, he would
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1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
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ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
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X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
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purification, it includes the idea
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connection between the former, in w
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nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
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ational being, by requiring of him
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without it, and are therefore alway
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justification, the degree of sancti
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perfection. Even the most notable s
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without this no one can have the di
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of believers remain imperfect in th
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XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
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though He repented of it. This is a
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e an incentive for sin. It would se
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PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
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I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
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namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
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universal Church. The increasing wo
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The invisible Church becomes visibl
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II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
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Christians formed into distinct org
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2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
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Church as an institution (also call
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of some Premillenarian writers as t
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foreigners could enter it by being
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controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
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in religion. Unless it changes colo
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1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
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central truths of the gospel will n
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III. The Government of the Church A
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declarative, and are not binding on
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the Head primarily, though not excl
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5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
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entrusted to their care. They had t
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office, but allowed the people to t
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(1) That every local church is a co
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c. The matters that fall under thei
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IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
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Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
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in order that all this work may be
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authority, but maintain the right t
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subject to disciplinary action by t
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of a communion of goods the early C
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THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
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partakers of Christ and all His ben
Page 674 and 675:
Reformation and of later times, vir
Page 676 and 677:
II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
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deposit, which is now so inseparabl
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say that there is no gospel in the
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and that the law awakens the consci
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litigation. After the decision of t
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necessary only in the sense that th
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orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
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or parents, were accounted as clean
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2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
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second century on the idea graduall
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in something that has no cleansing
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that, according to Greek usage, bap
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F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
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clearly an organic concept, and its
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and youths, and old men.” 51 This
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were baptized, though it does appri
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is in duty bound to regard them as
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The great Reformer answered this ob
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e. The extension of baptism to chil
Page 714 and 715:
V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
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not exclude the possibility of His
Page 718 and 719:
from the fact that the third cup, g
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synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
Page 722 and 723:
certainly ours as if we ourselves h
Page 724 and 725:
Unworthy communicants also receive
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passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
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dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
Page 736 and 737:
i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
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eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
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not opposed to each other as existe
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emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
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II. The Immortality of the Soul In
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parts. But the soul as a spiritual
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eal core of the Old Testament hope
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immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
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not equal to their future heaven an
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into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
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There are also several passages in
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deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
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e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
Page 770 and 771:
GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
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maintained that there are no predic
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emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
Page 776 and 777:
overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
Page 796 and 797:
sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
Page 798 and 799:
Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
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ighteous and that of the wicked, an
Page 802 and 803:
Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
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the day of the Lord, and with the e
Page 806 and 807:
which will occur only after some ti
Page 808 and 809:
IV. The Final Judgment Another one
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the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
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hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
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exactly twenty-four hours, since th
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V. The Final State The last judgmen
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B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
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Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
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Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
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CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
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Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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