Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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Church as an institution (also called apparitio and institutio) have their spiritual background in the invisible Church. However, though it is true that these are two different aspects of the one visible Church, they do represent important differences. The Church as an organism is the coetus fidelium, the communion of believers, who are united in the bond of the Spirit, while the Church as an institution is the mater fidelium, the mother of believers, a Heilsanstalt, a means of salvation, an agency for the conversion of sinners and the perfecting of the saints. The Church as an organism exists charismatic: in it all kinds of gifts and talents become manifest and are utilized in the work of the Lord. The Church as an institution, on the other hand, exists in an institutional form and functions through the offices and means which God has instituted. The two are co-ordinate in a sense, and yet there is also a certain subordination of the one to the other. The Church as an institution or organization (mater fidelium) is a means to an end, and this is found in the Church as an organism, the community of believers (coetus fidelium). C. VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF THE CHURCH. The Church being a many-sided entity has naturally also been defined from more than one point of view. 1. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ELECTION. According to some theologians the Church is the community of the elect, the coetus electorum. This definition is apt to be somewhat misleading, however. It applies only to the Church ideally considered, the Church as it exists in the idea of God and as it will be completed at the end of the ages, and not to the Church as a present empirical reality. Election includes all those who belong to the body of Christ, irrespective of their present actual relation to it. But the elect who are yet unborn, or who are still strangers to Christ and outside of the pale of the Church, cannot be said to belong to the Church realiter. 2. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF EFFECTUAL CALLING. To escape the objection raised to the preceding definition, it gradually became customary to define the Church from the point of view of some subjective spiritual characteristic of those who belong to it, especially effectual calling or faith, either by naming such a characteristic in addition to election, or by substituting it for election. Thus the Church was defined as the company of the elect who are called by the Spirit of God (coetus electorum vocatorum), as the body of those who are effectually called (coetus vocatorum), or, even more commonly, as the community of the faithful or believers (coetus fidelium). The first two of these definitions serve the purpose of designating the Church as to its invisible essence, but give no 628
indication whatsoever of the fact that it also has a visible side. This is done, however, in the last named definition, for faith reveals itself in confession and conduct. 3. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF BAPTISM AND PROFESSION. From the point of view of baptism and profession the Church has been defined as the community of those who are baptized and profess the true faith; or as the community of those who profess the true religion together with their children. It will readily be seen that this is a definition of the Church according to its external manifestation. Calvin defines the visible Church as “the multitude of men diffused through the world, who profess to worship one God in Christ; are initiated into this faith by baptism; testify their unity in doctrine and charity by participating in the Supper; have consent in the Word of God, and for the preaching of that Word maintain the ministry ordained of Christ.” 18 D. THE CHURCH AND THE KINGDOM OF GOD. 1. THE IDEA OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD. The Kingdom of God is primarily an eschatological concept. The fundamental idea of the Kingdom in Scripture is not that of a restored theocratic kingdom of God in Christ — which is essentially a kingdom of Israel—, as the Premillenarians claim; neither is it a new social condition, pervaded by the Spirit of Christ, and realized by man through such external means as good laws, civilization, education, social reforms, and so on, as the Modernists would have us believe. The primary idea of the Kingdom of God in Scripture is that of the rule of God established and acknowledged in the hearts of sinners by the powerful regenerating influence of the Holy Spirit, insuring them of the inestimable blessings of salvation, — a rule that is realized in principle on earth, but will not reach its culmination until the visible and glorious return of Jesus Christ. The present realization of it is spiritual and invisible. Jesus took hold of this eschatological concept and made it prominent in His teachings. He clearly taught the present spiritual realization and the universal character of the Kingdom. Moreover, He Himself effected that realization in a measure formerly unknown and greatly increased the present blessings of the Kingdom. At the same time He held out the blessed hope of the future appearance of that Kingdom in external glory and with the perfect blessings of salvation. 2. HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF THE KINGDOM. In the early Church Fathers the Kingdom of God, the greatest good, is primarily regarded as a future entity, the goal of the present development of the Church. Some of them regarded it as the coming millennial rule of the Messiah, though history does not bear out the exaggerated claims 18 Institutes IV., 1,7. 629
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
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purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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“immediate” imputation of his g
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under condemnation and therefore ne
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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
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IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
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Christ, and much less by mere pardo
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God. The distinction under consider
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human race fell away from God; but
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does not merely denote those extern
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Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
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V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
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Himself as the Holy One and necessa
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Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
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3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
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MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
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B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
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II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
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4. There are two Old Testament pass
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the suretyship of Christ the ground
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e. That He would give unto Him a nu
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III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
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nevertheless felt that it was a sub
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ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
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spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
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of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
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exactly to those who ignore the con
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econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
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They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
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elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
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him, Eutychus and his followers cer
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knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
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natures works with its own special
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2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
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properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
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special sufferings of the Saviour m
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as the Lord says, “He was cut off
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flesh, but live according to God in
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II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
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doctrine was excogitated, but that
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the fundamental tenet that miracles
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Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
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Christ, it also included a local mo
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convey His blessings to the saints,
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teachings respecting them are merel
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discriminate the one function clear
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to protest against mere formalism,
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exactly an atonement of the second
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high priest, clearly pre-figured a
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the invisible God, and especially o
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of the coming reality. Speaking of
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III. The Cause and Necessity of the
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the satisfaction due, which God was
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of God and is not, as Socinus would
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at least in part, to blame who spea
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a. The fundamental character of the
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2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
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as transgression of the law, I John
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an objective atonement, for they ar
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had given Him. (2) God demands, or
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3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
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V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
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atonement, and in many respects his
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pardoning whom He will without dema
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5. Like the moral influence and the
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on the fact that He vicariously end
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c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
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3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
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as contrasted with all who are in A
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not die, in some other than a savin
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VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
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of Christ, carrying it to completio
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4. And in and through it all there
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those prayers are effective. They w
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elation between the two may be indi
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“kingdom of God” is used in var
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B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
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of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
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studied theologically rather than a
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Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
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as kings. In connection with the fi
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3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
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This is the type of Arminianism wit
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identity” and makes them in all r
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done in connection with the constru
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2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
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enabled will, to do the good. In hi
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of modern liberal theology, with it
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the mind but also acts directly on
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namely, to the elect. In course of
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than the non-elect. It is a matter
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material blessings are generally of
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operation at once after the fall. L
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4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
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spiritual good? Is the good which t
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1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
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understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
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2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
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that in the moral sphere? How shoul
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1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
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Experience taught them that many ga
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etween the two and to avoid both th
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y faith. But, in order that this co
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gospel to every creature. He that b
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sentence of death, and blesses them
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clear distinction was made between
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etween regeneration and conversion.
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1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
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eference to it. Calling, on the oth
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God, for they are foolishness unto
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a. Regeneration is a creative act,
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that we need not be in doubt respec
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divine-human life of Christ came in
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VII. Conversion From the discussion
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idea of repentance in its sacrament
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Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
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conscious life of the Christian the
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nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
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These are but different names for t
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conversion is quite evident from su
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conversion always preceded by ‘co
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and in his testimony, which as such
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something is wanting, are conscious
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despiser of God may receive what is
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Even in the period of the law faith
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characteristic of faith in the less
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genuine, but evanescent in characte
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give the believer some idea of the
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articles of faith, but it does clai
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say this, and there are reasons to
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is never a believer or a Christian,
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8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
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pardons our sins and accepts us as
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The pardon granted in justification
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eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
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a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
Page 578 and 579: true that, when Christ rendered ful
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Page 582 and 583: 1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
Page 584 and 585: ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
Page 586 and 587: X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
Page 588 and 589: purification, it includes the idea
Page 590 and 591: connection between the former, in w
Page 592 and 593: nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
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Page 598 and 599: justification, the degree of sancti
Page 600 and 601: perfection. Even the most notable s
Page 602 and 603: without this no one can have the di
Page 604 and 605: of believers remain imperfect in th
Page 606 and 607: XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
Page 608 and 609: though He repented of it. This is a
Page 610 and 611: e an incentive for sin. It would se
Page 612 and 613: PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
Page 614 and 615: I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
Page 616 and 617: namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
Page 618 and 619: universal Church. The increasing wo
Page 620 and 621: The invisible Church becomes visibl
Page 622 and 623: II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
Page 624 and 625: Christians formed into distinct org
Page 626 and 627: 2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
Page 630 and 631: of some Premillenarian writers as t
Page 632 and 633: foreigners could enter it by being
Page 634 and 635: controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
Page 636 and 637: in religion. Unless it changes colo
Page 638 and 639: 1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
Page 640 and 641: central truths of the gospel will n
Page 642 and 643: III. The Government of the Church A
Page 644 and 645: declarative, and are not binding on
Page 646 and 647: the Head primarily, though not excl
Page 648 and 649: 5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
Page 650 and 651: entrusted to their care. They had t
Page 652 and 653: office, but allowed the people to t
Page 654 and 655: (1) That every local church is a co
Page 656 and 657: c. The matters that fall under thei
Page 658 and 659: IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
Page 660 and 661: Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
Page 662 and 663: in order that all this work may be
Page 664 and 665: authority, but maintain the right t
Page 666 and 667: subject to disciplinary action by t
Page 668 and 669: of a communion of goods the early C
Page 670 and 671: THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
Page 672 and 673: partakers of Christ and all His ben
Page 674 and 675: Reformation and of later times, vir
Page 676 and 677: II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
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deposit, which is now so inseparabl
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say that there is no gospel in the
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and that the law awakens the consci
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litigation. After the decision of t
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necessary only in the sense that th
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orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
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or parents, were accounted as clean
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2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
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second century on the idea graduall
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in something that has no cleansing
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that, according to Greek usage, bap
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F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
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clearly an organic concept, and its
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and youths, and old men.” 51 This
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were baptized, though it does appri
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is in duty bound to regard them as
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The great Reformer answered this ob
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e. The extension of baptism to chil
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V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
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not exclude the possibility of His
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from the fact that the third cup, g
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synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
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certainly ours as if we ourselves h
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Unworthy communicants also receive
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passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
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are truly displeased with themselve
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Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
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as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
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dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
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i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
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eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
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not opposed to each other as existe
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emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
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II. The Immortality of the Soul In
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parts. But the soul as a spiritual
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eal core of the Old Testament hope
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immortality in which only a few wil
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III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
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There are also several passages in
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deliverance. The Church has never d
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intended to stress the fact that in
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e. Arguments against this doctrine.
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to them. Other passages, such as Ma
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GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
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maintained that there are no predic
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emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
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overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
Page 796 and 797:
sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
Page 798 and 799:
Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
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ighteous and that of the wicked, an
Page 802 and 803:
Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
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the day of the Lord, and with the e
Page 806 and 807:
which will occur only after some ti
Page 808 and 809:
IV. The Final Judgment Another one
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the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
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hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
Page 814 and 815:
exactly twenty-four hours, since th
Page 816 and 817:
V. The Final State The last judgmen
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B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
Page 822 and 823:
Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
Page 824 and 825:
Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
Page 826 and 827:
CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
Page 832 and 833:
Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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