Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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that in the moral sphere? How should we answer the contention that the sinner cannot become a participant in the blessings of God’s special grace until he is subjectively incorporated in Christ? What can be said in reply to the assertion that faith precedes regeneration, because it effects the union with Christ, while regeneration is the fruit of this union? Does the mystical union suppress or does it preserve the personality of man? Cf. Eph. 4:13. Do all believers derive equal benefits from this union? If this union is indissoluble, how must John 15:1-7 be understood? What is Schleiermacher’s conception of the believer’s union with Christ? LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. III, pp. 594 f.; IV, pp. 114, 226 f., 268 f.; Kuyper, Het Werk van den Heiligen Geest II, pp. 163-182; Dabney, Syst. and Polem. Theol., pp. 612-617; Strong, Syst. Theol., pp. 795-808; Dick, Theol., pp. 36-365; Hodge, Outlines, pp. 482-486; ibid., The Atonement, pp. 198-211; McPherson, Chr. Theol., pp. 402-404; Valentine, Chr. Theol. II, pp. 275-277; Schmid, Doct. Theol., pp. 485-491; Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp. 321-322. 502
V. Calling in General and External Calling A. REASONS FOR DISCUSSING CALLING FIRST. The question of the relative order of calling and regeneration has frequently been discussed, and the discussion has often suffered from a lack of discrimination and a resulting misunderstanding. The terms “calling” and “regeneration” were not always used in the same sense. Consequently, it was possible to maintain, without inconsistency, on the one hand that calling precedes regeneration, and on the other, that regeneration is prior to calling. We shall briefly consider (1) the representations found in Scripture and in our confessional standards; (2) the order generally followed by Reformed theologians; and (3) the reasons that may be advanced in favor of a separate discussion of the external calling through the Word, as preceding both regeneration and internal calling. 1. THE BIBLICAL REPRESENTATION. The Biblical order is chiefly indicated in a few well known passages. There is first of all the vision of the dry bones in Ezekiel 37:1-14. While Ezekiel prophesied over the dry bones of the house of Israel, the breath of life came into them. This passage refers to the civil restoration and the spiritual revival of the house of Israel, and probably also contains a hint respecting the resurrection of its dead. It represents the prophetic word as preceding the origin of the new life of the people of Israel. Naturally, this does not yet mean that the former was causally related to the latter. . . . A very instructive passage is found in Acts 16:14, which speaks of the conversion of Lydia. During the preaching of Paul the Lord opened the heart of Lydia to give heed to the things that were spoken by the apostle. It is clearly intimated that the opening of the heart is preceded by the external, and is followed by the internal calling. The unity of the twofold calling is clearly seen. . . . The statement of Paul in Rom. 4:17 is also frequently quoted in this connection, but can hardly be considered relevant, because it does not refer to either the external or the internal calling by the preaching of the Word of God, but either to the creative fiat of God, by which things are called into being, or to His command issued to things that are not, as though they were, and reaching even the dead. . . . Another passage is found in James 1:18, “Of His own will He brought us forth by the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of His creatures.” It can hardly be doubted that the word of truth mentioned here is the word of preaching, and the assumption is that this word precedes the new birth and is in some sense instrumental to it. . . . And, finally, there is a well known passage in I Pet. 503
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
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purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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“immediate” imputation of his g
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under condemnation and therefore ne
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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
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IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
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Christ, and much less by mere pardo
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God. The distinction under consider
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human race fell away from God; but
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does not merely denote those extern
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Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
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V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
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Himself as the Holy One and necessa
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Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
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3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
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MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
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B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
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II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
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4. There are two Old Testament pass
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the suretyship of Christ the ground
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e. That He would give unto Him a nu
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III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
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nevertheless felt that it was a sub
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ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
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spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
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of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
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exactly to those who ignore the con
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econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
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They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
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elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
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him, Eutychus and his followers cer
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knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
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natures works with its own special
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2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
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properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
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special sufferings of the Saviour m
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as the Lord says, “He was cut off
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flesh, but live according to God in
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II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
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doctrine was excogitated, but that
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the fundamental tenet that miracles
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Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
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Christ, it also included a local mo
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convey His blessings to the saints,
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teachings respecting them are merel
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discriminate the one function clear
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to protest against mere formalism,
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exactly an atonement of the second
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high priest, clearly pre-figured a
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the invisible God, and especially o
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of the coming reality. Speaking of
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III. The Cause and Necessity of the
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the satisfaction due, which God was
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of God and is not, as Socinus would
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at least in part, to blame who spea
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a. The fundamental character of the
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2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
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as transgression of the law, I John
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an objective atonement, for they ar
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had given Him. (2) God demands, or
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3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
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V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
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atonement, and in many respects his
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pardoning whom He will without dema
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5. Like the moral influence and the
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on the fact that He vicariously end
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c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
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3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
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as contrasted with all who are in A
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not die, in some other than a savin
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VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
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of Christ, carrying it to completio
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4. And in and through it all there
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those prayers are effective. They w
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elation between the two may be indi
Page 452 and 453: “kingdom of God” is used in var
Page 454 and 455: B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
Page 456 and 457: of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
Page 458 and 459: studied theologically rather than a
Page 460 and 461: Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
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Page 464 and 465: 3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
Page 466 and 467: This is the type of Arminianism wit
Page 468 and 469: identity” and makes them in all r
Page 470 and 471: done in connection with the constru
Page 472 and 473: 2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
Page 474 and 475: enabled will, to do the good. In hi
Page 476 and 477: of modern liberal theology, with it
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Page 480 and 481: namely, to the elect. In course of
Page 482 and 483: than the non-elect. It is a matter
Page 484 and 485: material blessings are generally of
Page 486 and 487: operation at once after the fall. L
Page 488 and 489: 4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
Page 490 and 491: men are conceived in sin, and are b
Page 492 and 493: indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
Page 494 and 495: spiritual good? Is the good which t
Page 496 and 497: 1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
Page 498 and 499: understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
Page 500 and 501: 2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
Page 504 and 505: 1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
Page 506 and 507: Experience taught them that many ga
Page 508 and 509: etween the two and to avoid both th
Page 510 and 511: y faith. But, in order that this co
Page 512 and 513: gospel to every creature. He that b
Page 514 and 515: sentence of death, and blesses them
Page 516 and 517: clear distinction was made between
Page 518 and 519: etween regeneration and conversion.
Page 520 and 521: 1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
Page 522 and 523: eference to it. Calling, on the oth
Page 524 and 525: God, for they are foolishness unto
Page 526 and 527: a. Regeneration is a creative act,
Page 528 and 529: that we need not be in doubt respec
Page 530 and 531: divine-human life of Christ came in
Page 532 and 533: VII. Conversion From the discussion
Page 534 and 535: idea of repentance in its sacrament
Page 536 and 537: Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
Page 538 and 539: conscious life of the Christian the
Page 540 and 541: nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
Page 542 and 543: These are but different names for t
Page 544 and 545: conversion is quite evident from su
Page 546 and 547: conversion always preceded by ‘co
Page 548 and 549: and in his testimony, which as such
Page 550 and 551: something is wanting, are conscious
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despiser of God may receive what is
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Even in the period of the law faith
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characteristic of faith in the less
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genuine, but evanescent in characte
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give the believer some idea of the
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articles of faith, but it does clai
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say this, and there are reasons to
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is never a believer or a Christian,
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8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
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pardons our sins and accepts us as
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The pardon granted in justification
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eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
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a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
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true that, when Christ rendered ful
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asis of their good works, he would
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1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
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ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
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X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
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purification, it includes the idea
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connection between the former, in w
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nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
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ational being, by requiring of him
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without it, and are therefore alway
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justification, the degree of sancti
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perfection. Even the most notable s
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without this no one can have the di
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of believers remain imperfect in th
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XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
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though He repented of it. This is a
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e an incentive for sin. It would se
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PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
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I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
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namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
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universal Church. The increasing wo
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The invisible Church becomes visibl
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II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
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Christians formed into distinct org
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2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
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Church as an institution (also call
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of some Premillenarian writers as t
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foreigners could enter it by being
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controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
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in religion. Unless it changes colo
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1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
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central truths of the gospel will n
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III. The Government of the Church A
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declarative, and are not binding on
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the Head primarily, though not excl
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5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
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entrusted to their care. They had t
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office, but allowed the people to t
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(1) That every local church is a co
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c. The matters that fall under thei
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IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
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Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
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in order that all this work may be
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authority, but maintain the right t
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subject to disciplinary action by t
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of a communion of goods the early C
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THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
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partakers of Christ and all His ben
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Reformation and of later times, vir
Page 676 and 677:
II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
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deposit, which is now so inseparabl
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say that there is no gospel in the
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and that the law awakens the consci
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litigation. After the decision of t
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necessary only in the sense that th
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orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
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or parents, were accounted as clean
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2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
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second century on the idea graduall
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in something that has no cleansing
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that, according to Greek usage, bap
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F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
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clearly an organic concept, and its
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and youths, and old men.” 51 This
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were baptized, though it does appri
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is in duty bound to regard them as
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The great Reformer answered this ob
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e. The extension of baptism to chil
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V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
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not exclude the possibility of His
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from the fact that the third cup, g
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synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
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certainly ours as if we ourselves h
Page 724 and 725:
Unworthy communicants also receive
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passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
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dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
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i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
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eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
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not opposed to each other as existe
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emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
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II. The Immortality of the Soul In
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parts. But the soul as a spiritual
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eal core of the Old Testament hope
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immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
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There are also several passages in
Page 762 and 763:
deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
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e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
Page 770 and 771:
GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
Page 772 and 773:
maintained that there are no predic
Page 774 and 775:
emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
Page 776 and 777:
overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
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sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
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Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
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ighteous and that of the wicked, an
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Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
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the day of the Lord, and with the e
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which will occur only after some ti
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IV. The Final Judgment Another one
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the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
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hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
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exactly twenty-four hours, since th
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V. The Final State The last judgmen
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B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
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Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
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Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
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CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
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Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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