Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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as contrasted with all who are in Adam. If the word “all” in these passages is not interpreted in a limited sense, they would teach, not merely that Christ made salvation possible for all men, but that He actually saves all without exception. Thus the Arminian would again be forced into the camp of the absolute Universalist, where he does not want to be. A similar limitation must be applied in the interpretation of II Cor. 5:14, and Heb. 2:9, cf. verse 10. Otherwise they would prove too much, and therefore prove nothing. In all these passages the “all” are simply all those who are in Christ. In the case of Tit. 2:11, which speaks of the appearance of the grace of God, “bringing salvation to all men,” the context clearly shows that “all men” really means all classes of men. If the “all” is not restricted, this passage too would teach universal salvation. The passages in I Tim. 2:4-6, Heb. 2:9; II Pet. 3:9 refer to the revealed will of God that both Jews and Gentiles should be saved, but imply nothing as to the universal intent of the atonement. Even Moses Stuart, who believes in universal atonement, admits that in these cases the word “all” cannot be taken in a universal sense. c. A third class of passages which seem to militate against the idea of a limited atonement consists of those which are said to imply the possibility that those for whom Christ died fail to obtain salvation. Rom. 14:15 and the parallel passage in I Cor. 8:11 may be mentioned first of all. Some commentators are of the opinion that these passages do not refer to eternal destruction, but it is more likely that they do. The apostle simply wants to bring the uncharitable conduct of some of the stronger brethren in the Church into strong relief. They were likely to offend the weaker brethren, to cause them to stumble, to override their conscience, and thus to enter upon the downward path, the natural result of which, if continued, would be destruction. While Christ paid the price of His life to save such persons, they by their conduct tended to destroy them. That this destruction will not actually follow, is evident from Rom. 14:4; by the grace of God they will be upheld. We have here then, as Dr. Shedd expresses it, “a supposition, for the sake of argument, of something that does not and cannot happen,” just as in I Cor. 13:1-3; Gal. 1:8. Another, somewhat similar, passage is found in II Pet. 2:1, with which Heb. 10:29 may also be classed. The most plausible explanation of these passages is that given by Smeaton, as the interpretation of Piscator and of the Dutch annotations, namely, “that these false teachers are described according to their own profession and the judgment of charity. They gave themselves out as redeemed men, and were so accounted in the judgment of the Church while they abode in her communion.” 49 49 The Doctrine of the Atonement as Taught by the Apostles, p. 447. 438
d. Finally, there is an objection derived from the bona fide offer of salvation. We believe that God “unfeignedly,” that is, sincerely or in good faith, calls all those who are living under the gospel to believe, and offers them salvation in the way of faith and repentance. Now the Arminians maintain that such an offer of salvation cannot be made by those who believe that Christ died only for the elect. This objection was already raised at the time of the Synod of Dort, but its validity was not granted. The following remarks may be made in reply: (a) The offer of salvation in the way of faith and repentance does not pretend to be a revelation of the secret counsel of God, more specifically, of His design in giving Christ as an atonement for sin. It is simply the promise of salvation to all those who accept Christ by faith. (2) This offer, in so far as it is universal, is always conditioned by faith and conversion. Moreover, it is contingent on a faith and repentance such as can only be wrought in the heart of man by the operation of the Holy Spirit. (3) The universal offer of salvation does not consist in the declaration that Christ made atonement for every man that hears the gospel, and that God really intends to save each one. It consists in (a) an exposition of the atoning work of Christ as in itself sufficient for the redemption of all men; (b) a description of the real nature of the repentance and faith that are required in coming to Christ; and (c) a declaration that each one who comes to Christ with true repentance and faith will obtain the blessings of salvation. (4) It is not the duty of the preacher to harmonize the secret counsel of God respecting the redemption of sinners with His declarative will as expressed in the universal offer of salvation. He is simply an official ambassador, whose duty it is to carry out the will of the Lord in preaching the gospel to all men indiscriminately. (5) Dr. Shedd says: “The universal offer of the benefits of Christ’s atonement springs out of God’s will of complacency, Ezek. 33:11.... God may properly call upon the non-elect to do a thing that God delights in, simply because He does delight in it. The divine desire is not altered by the divine decree of preterition.” 50 He also quotes a very similar statement from Turretin. (6) The universal offer of salvation serves the purpose of disclosing the aversion and obstinacy of man in his opposition to the gospel, and of removing every vestige of excuse. If it were not made, sinners might say that they would gladly have accepted the gift of God, if it only had been offered to them. 5. THE WIDER BEARING OF THE ATONEMENT. The question may be raised, whether the atonement wrought by Christ for the salvation of the elect, and of the elect only, has any wider bearing. The question is often discussed in Scottish theology, whether Christ did 50 Dogm. Theol. II, p. 484. 439
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
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purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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“immediate” imputation of his g
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under condemnation and therefore ne
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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
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IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
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Christ, and much less by mere pardo
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God. The distinction under consider
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human race fell away from God; but
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does not merely denote those extern
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Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
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V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
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Himself as the Holy One and necessa
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Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
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3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
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MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
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B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
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II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
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4. There are two Old Testament pass
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the suretyship of Christ the ground
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e. That He would give unto Him a nu
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III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
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nevertheless felt that it was a sub
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ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
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spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
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of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
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exactly to those who ignore the con
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econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
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They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
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elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
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him, Eutychus and his followers cer
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knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
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natures works with its own special
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2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
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properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
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special sufferings of the Saviour m
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as the Lord says, “He was cut off
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flesh, but live according to God in
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II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
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doctrine was excogitated, but that
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the fundamental tenet that miracles
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Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
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Christ, it also included a local mo
Page 388 and 389: convey His blessings to the saints,
Page 390 and 391: teachings respecting them are merel
Page 392 and 393: discriminate the one function clear
Page 394 and 395: to protest against mere formalism,
Page 396 and 397: exactly an atonement of the second
Page 398 and 399: high priest, clearly pre-figured a
Page 400 and 401: the invisible God, and especially o
Page 402 and 403: of the coming reality. Speaking of
Page 404 and 405: III. The Cause and Necessity of the
Page 406 and 407: the satisfaction due, which God was
Page 408 and 409: of God and is not, as Socinus would
Page 410 and 411: at least in part, to blame who spea
Page 412 and 413: a. The fundamental character of the
Page 414 and 415: 2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
Page 416 and 417: as transgression of the law, I John
Page 418 and 419: an objective atonement, for they ar
Page 420 and 421: had given Him. (2) God demands, or
Page 422 and 423: 3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
Page 424 and 425: V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
Page 426 and 427: atonement, and in many respects his
Page 428 and 429: pardoning whom He will without dema
Page 430 and 431: 5. Like the moral influence and the
Page 432 and 433: on the fact that He vicariously end
Page 434 and 435: c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
Page 436 and 437: 3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
Page 440 and 441: not die, in some other than a savin
Page 442 and 443: VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
Page 444 and 445: of Christ, carrying it to completio
Page 446 and 447: 4. And in and through it all there
Page 448 and 449: those prayers are effective. They w
Page 450 and 451: elation between the two may be indi
Page 452 and 453: “kingdom of God” is used in var
Page 454 and 455: B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
Page 456 and 457: of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
Page 458 and 459: studied theologically rather than a
Page 460 and 461: Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
Page 462 and 463: as kings. In connection with the fi
Page 464 and 465: 3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
Page 466 and 467: This is the type of Arminianism wit
Page 468 and 469: identity” and makes them in all r
Page 470 and 471: done in connection with the constru
Page 472 and 473: 2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
Page 474 and 475: enabled will, to do the good. In hi
Page 476 and 477: of modern liberal theology, with it
Page 478 and 479: the mind but also acts directly on
Page 480 and 481: namely, to the elect. In course of
Page 482 and 483: than the non-elect. It is a matter
Page 484 and 485: material blessings are generally of
Page 486 and 487: operation at once after the fall. L
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4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
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spiritual good? Is the good which t
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1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
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understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
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2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
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that in the moral sphere? How shoul
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1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
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Experience taught them that many ga
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etween the two and to avoid both th
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y faith. But, in order that this co
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gospel to every creature. He that b
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sentence of death, and blesses them
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clear distinction was made between
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etween regeneration and conversion.
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1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
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eference to it. Calling, on the oth
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God, for they are foolishness unto
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a. Regeneration is a creative act,
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that we need not be in doubt respec
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divine-human life of Christ came in
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VII. Conversion From the discussion
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idea of repentance in its sacrament
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Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
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conscious life of the Christian the
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nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
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These are but different names for t
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conversion is quite evident from su
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conversion always preceded by ‘co
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and in his testimony, which as such
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something is wanting, are conscious
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despiser of God may receive what is
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Even in the period of the law faith
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characteristic of faith in the less
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genuine, but evanescent in characte
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give the believer some idea of the
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articles of faith, but it does clai
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say this, and there are reasons to
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is never a believer or a Christian,
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8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
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pardons our sins and accepts us as
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The pardon granted in justification
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eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
Page 576 and 577:
a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
Page 578 and 579:
true that, when Christ rendered ful
Page 580 and 581:
asis of their good works, he would
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1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
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ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
Page 586 and 587:
X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
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purification, it includes the idea
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connection between the former, in w
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nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
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ational being, by requiring of him
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without it, and are therefore alway
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justification, the degree of sancti
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perfection. Even the most notable s
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without this no one can have the di
Page 604 and 605:
of believers remain imperfect in th
Page 606 and 607:
XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
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though He repented of it. This is a
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e an incentive for sin. It would se
Page 612 and 613:
PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
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I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
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namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
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universal Church. The increasing wo
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The invisible Church becomes visibl
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II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
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Christians formed into distinct org
Page 626 and 627:
2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
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Church as an institution (also call
Page 630 and 631:
of some Premillenarian writers as t
Page 632 and 633:
foreigners could enter it by being
Page 634 and 635:
controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
Page 636 and 637:
in religion. Unless it changes colo
Page 638 and 639:
1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
Page 640 and 641:
central truths of the gospel will n
Page 642 and 643:
III. The Government of the Church A
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declarative, and are not binding on
Page 646 and 647:
the Head primarily, though not excl
Page 648 and 649:
5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
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entrusted to their care. They had t
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office, but allowed the people to t
Page 654 and 655:
(1) That every local church is a co
Page 656 and 657:
c. The matters that fall under thei
Page 658 and 659:
IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
Page 660 and 661:
Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
Page 662 and 663:
in order that all this work may be
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authority, but maintain the right t
Page 666 and 667:
subject to disciplinary action by t
Page 668 and 669:
of a communion of goods the early C
Page 670 and 671:
THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
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partakers of Christ and all His ben
Page 674 and 675:
Reformation and of later times, vir
Page 676 and 677:
II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
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deposit, which is now so inseparabl
Page 680 and 681:
say that there is no gospel in the
Page 682 and 683:
and that the law awakens the consci
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litigation. After the decision of t
Page 686 and 687:
necessary only in the sense that th
Page 688 and 689:
orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
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or parents, were accounted as clean
Page 692 and 693:
2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
Page 694 and 695:
second century on the idea graduall
Page 696 and 697:
in something that has no cleansing
Page 698 and 699:
that, according to Greek usage, bap
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F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
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clearly an organic concept, and its
Page 704 and 705:
and youths, and old men.” 51 This
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were baptized, though it does appri
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is in duty bound to regard them as
Page 710 and 711:
The great Reformer answered this ob
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e. The extension of baptism to chil
Page 714 and 715:
V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
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not exclude the possibility of His
Page 718 and 719:
from the fact that the third cup, g
Page 720 and 721:
synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
Page 722 and 723:
certainly ours as if we ourselves h
Page 724 and 725:
Unworthy communicants also receive
Page 726 and 727:
passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
Page 734 and 735:
dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
Page 736 and 737:
i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
Page 738 and 739:
eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
Page 740 and 741:
not opposed to each other as existe
Page 742 and 743:
emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
Page 744 and 745:
II. The Immortality of the Soul In
Page 746 and 747:
parts. But the soul as a spiritual
Page 748 and 749:
eal core of the Old Testament hope
Page 750 and 751:
immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
Page 760 and 761:
There are also several passages in
Page 762 and 763:
deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
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e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
Page 770 and 771:
GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
Page 772 and 773:
maintained that there are no predic
Page 774 and 775:
emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
Page 776 and 777:
overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
Page 796 and 797:
sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
Page 798 and 799:
Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
Page 800 and 801:
ighteous and that of the wicked, an
Page 802 and 803:
Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
Page 804 and 805:
the day of the Lord, and with the e
Page 806 and 807:
which will occur only after some ti
Page 808 and 809:
IV. The Final Judgment Another one
Page 810 and 811:
the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
Page 812 and 813:
hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
Page 814 and 815:
exactly twenty-four hours, since th
Page 816 and 817:
V. The Final State The last judgmen
Page 818 and 819:
B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
Page 820 and 821:
BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
Page 822 and 823:
Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
Page 824 and 825:
Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
Page 826 and 827:
CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
Page 832 and 833:
Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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