Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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and in his testimony, which as such is distinguished from knowledge resting on personal investigation; and (b) the confidence itself on which such a conviction rests. This is more than a mere intellectual conviction that a person is reliable; it presupposes a personal relation to the object of confidence, a going out of one’s self, to rest in another. The Greeks did not ordinarily use the word in this sense, to express their relation to the gods, since they regarded these as hostile to men, and therefore as objects of fear rather than of trust.—(2) In the Septuagint. The transition from the use of the word pistis in classical Greek to the New Testament usage, in which the meaning “confidence” or “trust” is all-important, is found in the Septuagint use of the verb pisteuein rather than in that of the noun pistis, which occurs in it but once with anything like its New Testament meaning. The verb pisteuein generally serves as a rendering of the word he’emin, and thus expresses the idea of faith both in the sense of assent to the Word of God and of confident trusting in Him. — (3) In the New Testament. There are a few instances in which the word has a passive meaning, namely, that of “fidelity” or “faithfulness,” which is its usual meaning in the Old Testament, Rom. 3:3; Gal. 5:22; Tit. 2:10. It is generally used in an active sense. The following special meanings should be distinguished: (a) an intellectual belief or conviction, resting on the testimony of another, and therefore based on trust in this other rather than on personal investigation, Phil. 1:27; II Cor. 4:13; II Thess. 2:13, and especially in the writings of John; and (b) a confiding trust or confidence in God or, more particularly, in Christ with a view to redemption from sin and to future blessedness. So especially in the Epistles of Paul, Rom. 3:22,25; 5:1,2; 9:30,32; Gal. 2:16; Eph. 2:8; 3:12, and many other passages. This trust must be distinguished from that on which the intellectual trust mentioned under (a) above, rests. The order in the successive stages of faith is as follows: (a) general confidence in God and Christ; (b) acceptance of their testimony on the basis of that trust; and (c) yielding to Christ and trusting in Him for the salvation of the soul. The last is specifically called saving faith. b. The different constructions of pisteuein and their meaning. We have the following constructions: (1) Pisteuein with the dative. This generally denotes believing assent. If the object is a person, it is ordinarily employed in a somewhat pregnant sense, including the deeply religious idea of a devoted, believing trust. When the object is a thing, it is usually the Word of God, and when it is a person, it is generally either God or Christ, John 4:50; 5:47; Acts 16:34; Rom. 4:3; II Tim. 1:12. — (2) Pisteuein followed by hoti. In this construction the conjunction generally serves to introduce what is believed. On the whole this construction is weaker than the preceding. Of the twenty passages in which it is found, fourteen occur in the writings of John. In a couple of cases the matter 548
elieved hardly rises into the religious sphere, John 9:18; Acts 9:26, while in some of the others it is decidedly of soteriological import, Matt. 9:28; Rom. 10:9; I Thess. 4:14. — (3) Pisteuein with prepositions. Here the deeper meaning of the word, that of firm trustful reliance, comes to its full rights. The following constructions come into consideration: (a) Construction with en. This is the most frequent construction in the Septuagint, though it is all but absent from the New Testament. The only certain case is Mark 1:15, where the object is the gospel. Other possible instances are John 3:15; Eph. 1:13, where the object would be Christ. The implication of this construction seems to be that of a firmly fixed confidence in its object. (b) Construction with epi and the dative. It is found only in the quotation from Isa. 28:16, which appears in three passages, namely, Rom. 9:33; 10:11; I Pet. 2:6, and in Luke 24:25; I Tim. 1:16. It expresses the idea of a steady and restful repose, a reliance on its object. (c) Construction with epi and the accusative. This is used seven times in the New Testament. In a couple of cases the object is God, as He operates in the saving of the soul in Christ; in all the others it is Christ. This construction includes the idea of moral motion, of mental direction towards the object. The main idea is that of turning with confident trust to Jesus Christ. (d) Construction with eis. This is the most characteristic construction of the New Testament. It occurs forty-nine times. About fourteen of these instances are Johannine, and the remainder Pauline. Except in one case, the object is always a person, rarely God, and most commonly Christ. This construction has a very pregnant meaning, expressing, as it does, “an absolute transference of trust from ourselves to another, a complete self-surrender to God.” Cf. John 2:11; 3:16,18,36; 4:39; 14:1; Rom. 10:14; Gal. 2:16; Phil. 1:29. B. FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS USED TO DESCRIBE THE ACTIVITY OF FAITH. There are several figurative expressions of the activity of faith in Scripture. The following are some of the most important. 1. It is spoken of as a looking to Jesus, John 3:14,15 (comp. Num. 21:9). This is a very appropriate figure, because it comprises the various elements of faith, especially when it refers to a steadfast looking to anyone, as in the passage indicated. There is in it an act of perception (intellectual element), a deliberate fixing of the eye on the object (volitional element), and a certain satisfaction to which this concentration testifies (emotional element). 2. It is also represented as a hungering and thirsting, an eating and drinking, Matt. 5:6; John 6:50-58; 4:14. When men really hunger and thirst spiritually, they feel that 549
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
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purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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“immediate” imputation of his g
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under condemnation and therefore ne
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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
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IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
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Christ, and much less by mere pardo
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God. The distinction under consider
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human race fell away from God; but
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does not merely denote those extern
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Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
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V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
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Himself as the Holy One and necessa
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Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
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3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
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MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
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B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
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II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
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4. There are two Old Testament pass
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the suretyship of Christ the ground
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e. That He would give unto Him a nu
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III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
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nevertheless felt that it was a sub
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ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
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spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
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of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
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exactly to those who ignore the con
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econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
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They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
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elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
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him, Eutychus and his followers cer
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knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
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natures works with its own special
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2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
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properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
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special sufferings of the Saviour m
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as the Lord says, “He was cut off
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flesh, but live according to God in
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II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
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doctrine was excogitated, but that
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the fundamental tenet that miracles
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Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
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Christ, it also included a local mo
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convey His blessings to the saints,
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teachings respecting them are merel
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discriminate the one function clear
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to protest against mere formalism,
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exactly an atonement of the second
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high priest, clearly pre-figured a
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the invisible God, and especially o
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of the coming reality. Speaking of
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III. The Cause and Necessity of the
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the satisfaction due, which God was
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of God and is not, as Socinus would
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at least in part, to blame who spea
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a. The fundamental character of the
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2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
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as transgression of the law, I John
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an objective atonement, for they ar
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had given Him. (2) God demands, or
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3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
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V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
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atonement, and in many respects his
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pardoning whom He will without dema
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5. Like the moral influence and the
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on the fact that He vicariously end
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c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
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3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
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as contrasted with all who are in A
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not die, in some other than a savin
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VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
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of Christ, carrying it to completio
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4. And in and through it all there
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those prayers are effective. They w
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elation between the two may be indi
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“kingdom of God” is used in var
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B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
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of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
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studied theologically rather than a
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Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
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as kings. In connection with the fi
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3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
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This is the type of Arminianism wit
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identity” and makes them in all r
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done in connection with the constru
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2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
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enabled will, to do the good. In hi
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of modern liberal theology, with it
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the mind but also acts directly on
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namely, to the elect. In course of
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than the non-elect. It is a matter
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material blessings are generally of
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operation at once after the fall. L
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4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
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spiritual good? Is the good which t
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1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
Page 498 and 499: understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
Page 500 and 501: 2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
Page 502 and 503: that in the moral sphere? How shoul
Page 504 and 505: 1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
Page 506 and 507: Experience taught them that many ga
Page 508 and 509: etween the two and to avoid both th
Page 510 and 511: y faith. But, in order that this co
Page 512 and 513: gospel to every creature. He that b
Page 514 and 515: sentence of death, and blesses them
Page 516 and 517: clear distinction was made between
Page 518 and 519: etween regeneration and conversion.
Page 520 and 521: 1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
Page 522 and 523: eference to it. Calling, on the oth
Page 524 and 525: God, for they are foolishness unto
Page 526 and 527: a. Regeneration is a creative act,
Page 528 and 529: that we need not be in doubt respec
Page 530 and 531: divine-human life of Christ came in
Page 532 and 533: VII. Conversion From the discussion
Page 534 and 535: idea of repentance in its sacrament
Page 536 and 537: Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
Page 538 and 539: conscious life of the Christian the
Page 540 and 541: nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
Page 542 and 543: These are but different names for t
Page 544 and 545: conversion is quite evident from su
Page 546 and 547: conversion always preceded by ‘co
Page 550 and 551: something is wanting, are conscious
Page 552 and 553: despiser of God may receive what is
Page 554 and 555: Even in the period of the law faith
Page 556 and 557: characteristic of faith in the less
Page 558 and 559: genuine, but evanescent in characte
Page 560 and 561: give the believer some idea of the
Page 562 and 563: articles of faith, but it does clai
Page 564 and 565: say this, and there are reasons to
Page 566 and 567: is never a believer or a Christian,
Page 568 and 569: 8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
Page 570 and 571: pardons our sins and accepts us as
Page 572 and 573: The pardon granted in justification
Page 574 and 575: eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
Page 576 and 577: a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
Page 578 and 579: true that, when Christ rendered ful
Page 580 and 581: asis of their good works, he would
Page 582 and 583: 1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
Page 584 and 585: ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
Page 586 and 587: X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
Page 588 and 589: purification, it includes the idea
Page 590 and 591: connection between the former, in w
Page 592 and 593: nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
Page 594 and 595: ational being, by requiring of him
Page 596 and 597: without it, and are therefore alway
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justification, the degree of sancti
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perfection. Even the most notable s
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without this no one can have the di
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of believers remain imperfect in th
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XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
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though He repented of it. This is a
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e an incentive for sin. It would se
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PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
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I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
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namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
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universal Church. The increasing wo
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The invisible Church becomes visibl
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II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
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Christians formed into distinct org
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2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
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Church as an institution (also call
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of some Premillenarian writers as t
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foreigners could enter it by being
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controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
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in religion. Unless it changes colo
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1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
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central truths of the gospel will n
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III. The Government of the Church A
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declarative, and are not binding on
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the Head primarily, though not excl
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5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
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entrusted to their care. They had t
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office, but allowed the people to t
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(1) That every local church is a co
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c. The matters that fall under thei
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IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
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Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
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in order that all this work may be
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authority, but maintain the right t
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subject to disciplinary action by t
Page 668 and 669:
of a communion of goods the early C
Page 670 and 671:
THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
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partakers of Christ and all His ben
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Reformation and of later times, vir
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II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
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deposit, which is now so inseparabl
Page 680 and 681:
say that there is no gospel in the
Page 682 and 683:
and that the law awakens the consci
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litigation. After the decision of t
Page 686 and 687:
necessary only in the sense that th
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orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
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or parents, were accounted as clean
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2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
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second century on the idea graduall
Page 696 and 697:
in something that has no cleansing
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that, according to Greek usage, bap
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F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
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clearly an organic concept, and its
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and youths, and old men.” 51 This
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were baptized, though it does appri
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is in duty bound to regard them as
Page 710 and 711:
The great Reformer answered this ob
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e. The extension of baptism to chil
Page 714 and 715:
V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
Page 716 and 717:
not exclude the possibility of His
Page 718 and 719:
from the fact that the third cup, g
Page 720 and 721:
synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
Page 722 and 723:
certainly ours as if we ourselves h
Page 724 and 725:
Unworthy communicants also receive
Page 726 and 727:
passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
Page 734 and 735:
dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
Page 736 and 737:
i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
Page 738 and 739:
eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
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not opposed to each other as existe
Page 742 and 743:
emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
Page 744 and 745:
II. The Immortality of the Soul In
Page 746 and 747:
parts. But the soul as a spiritual
Page 748 and 749:
eal core of the Old Testament hope
Page 750 and 751:
immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
Page 760 and 761:
There are also several passages in
Page 762 and 763:
deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
Page 766 and 767:
e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
Page 770 and 771:
GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
Page 772 and 773:
maintained that there are no predic
Page 774 and 775:
emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
Page 776 and 777:
overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
Page 796 and 797:
sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
Page 798 and 799:
Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
Page 800 and 801:
ighteous and that of the wicked, an
Page 802 and 803:
Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
Page 804 and 805:
the day of the Lord, and with the e
Page 806 and 807:
which will occur only after some ti
Page 808 and 809:
IV. The Final Judgment Another one
Page 810 and 811:
the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
Page 812 and 813:
hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
Page 814 and 815:
exactly twenty-four hours, since th
Page 816 and 817:
V. The Final State The last judgmen
Page 818 and 819:
B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
Page 820 and 821:
BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
Page 822 and 823:
Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
Page 824 and 825:
Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
Page 826 and 827:
CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
Page 832 and 833:
Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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