Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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at least in part, to blame who speak and sing as if Christ, rather than the triune God, were exclusively the author of their salvation. The Bible teaches us that the triune God provided freely for the salvation of sinners. There was nothing to constrain Him. The Father made the sacrifice of His Son, and the Son willingly offered Himself. There was no schism but the most beautiful harmony between the Father and the Son. Cf. Ps. 40:6-8; Luke 1:47-50,78; Eph. 1:3-14; 2:4-10; I Pet. 1:2. 410
IV. The Nature of the Atonement The doctrine of the atonement here presented is the penal substitutionary or satisfaction doctrine, which is the doctrine clearly taught by the Word of God. A. STATEMENT OF THE PENAL SUBSTITUTIONARY DOCTRINE OF THE ATONEMENT. In the discussion of this view several particulars should be stressed. 1. THE ATONEMENT IS OBJECTIVE. This means that the atonement makes its primary impression on the person to whom it is made. If a man does wrong and renders satisfaction, this satisfaction is intended to influence the person wronged and not the offending party. In the case under consideration it means that the atonement was intended to propitiate God and to reconcile Him to the sinner. This is undoubtedly the primary idea, but does not imply that we can not also speak of the sinner’s being reconciled to God. Scripture does this in more than one place, Rom. 5:10; II Cor. 5:19,20. But it should be borne in mind that this is not equivalent to saying that the sinner is atoned, which would mean that God made amends or reparation, that He rendered satisfaction to the sinner. And even when we speak of the sinner as being reconciled, this must be understood as something that is secondary. The reconciled God justifies the sinner who accepts the reconciliation, and so operates in his heart by the Holy Spirit, that the sinner also lays aside his wicked alienation from God, and thus enters into the fruits of the perfect atonement of Christ. In other words, the fact that Christ reconciles God to the sinner results in a reflex action on the sinner, in virtue of which the sinner may be said to be reconciled to God. Since the objective atonement by Christ is an accomplished fact, and it is now the duty of the ambassadors of Christ to induce sinners to accept the atonement and to terminate their hostility to God, it is no wonder that the secondary and subjective side of the reconciliation is somewhat prominent in Scripture. This statement of the objective character of the atonement is placed in the foreground, because it represents the main difference between those who accept the satisfaction doctrine of the atonement and all those who prefer some other theory. Now the question arises, whether this conception of the atonement is supported by Scripture. It would seem to find ample support there. The following particulars should be noted: 411
Page 2 and 3:
Preface............................
Page 4 and 5:
B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
Page 116 and 117:
which are entirely dependent on the
Page 118 and 119:
II. Predestination In passing from
Page 120 and 121:
Since the days of Schleiermacher th
Page 122 and 123:
a special relation to Himself. Some
Page 124 and 125:
salvation. More briefly it may be s
Page 126 and 127:
than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
Page 128 and 129:
purposed to save some, then He ipso
Page 130 and 131:
of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
Page 134 and 135:
. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
Page 142 and 143:
teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
Page 150 and 151:
inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
Page 182 and 183:
manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
Page 186 and 187:
exercise of divine power. The power
Page 188 and 189:
will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
Page 206 and 207:
capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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“immediate” imputation of his g
Page 264 and 265:
under condemnation and therefore ne
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guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
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IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
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Christ, and much less by mere pardo
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God. The distinction under consider
Page 274 and 275:
human race fell away from God; but
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does not merely denote those extern
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Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
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V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
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Himself as the Holy One and necessa
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Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
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3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
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MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
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B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
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II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
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4. There are two Old Testament pass
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the suretyship of Christ the ground
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e. That He would give unto Him a nu
Page 300 and 301:
III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
Page 302 and 303:
nevertheless felt that it was a sub
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ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
Page 306 and 307:
spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
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of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
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exactly to those who ignore the con
Page 312 and 313:
econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5.
Page 314 and 315:
They are not really in the covenant
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Scripture. There is the condition o
Page 318 and 319:
elievers grow up and come to years
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V. The Different Dispensations of t
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of the Plan of Redemption as there
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On the basis of all that has been s
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covenant with Noah the general char
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4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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social and civil relations in which
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covenant of grace will continue unt
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directs attention to the gracious p
Page 336 and 337:
him, Eutychus and his followers cer
Page 338 and 339:
knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
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epresentations may vary greatly, bu
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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
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ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
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is an authority and ownership resti
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c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
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should thus descend to the depths o
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III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
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B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
Page 356 and 357:
natures works with its own special
Page 358 and 359:
2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
Page 360 and 361: properties were retained, but were
Page 362 and 363: measure to the unique and represent
Page 364 and 365: THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
Page 366 and 367: death. On the basis of the passage
Page 368 and 369: nor, on the other hand, merely that
Page 370 and 371: is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
Page 372 and 373: special sufferings of the Saviour m
Page 374 and 375: as the Lord says, “He was cut off
Page 376 and 377: flesh, but live according to God in
Page 378 and 379: II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
Page 380 and 381: doctrine was excogitated, but that
Page 382 and 383: the fundamental tenet that miracles
Page 384 and 385: Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
Page 386 and 387: Christ, it also included a local mo
Page 388 and 389: convey His blessings to the saints,
Page 390 and 391: teachings respecting them are merel
Page 392 and 393: discriminate the one function clear
Page 394 and 395: to protest against mere formalism,
Page 396 and 397: exactly an atonement of the second
Page 398 and 399: high priest, clearly pre-figured a
Page 400 and 401: the invisible God, and especially o
Page 402 and 403: of the coming reality. Speaking of
Page 404 and 405: III. The Cause and Necessity of the
Page 406 and 407: the satisfaction due, which God was
Page 408 and 409: of God and is not, as Socinus would
Page 412 and 413: a. The fundamental character of the
Page 414 and 415: 2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
Page 416 and 417: as transgression of the law, I John
Page 418 and 419: an objective atonement, for they ar
Page 420 and 421: had given Him. (2) God demands, or
Page 422 and 423: 3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
Page 424 and 425: V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
Page 426 and 427: atonement, and in many respects his
Page 428 and 429: pardoning whom He will without dema
Page 430 and 431: 5. Like the moral influence and the
Page 432 and 433: on the fact that He vicariously end
Page 434 and 435: c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
Page 436 and 437: 3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
Page 438 and 439: as contrasted with all who are in A
Page 440 and 441: not die, in some other than a savin
Page 442 and 443: VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
Page 444 and 445: of Christ, carrying it to completio
Page 446 and 447: 4. And in and through it all there
Page 448 and 449: those prayers are effective. They w
Page 450 and 451: elation between the two may be indi
Page 452 and 453: “kingdom of God” is used in var
Page 454 and 455: B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
Page 456 and 457: of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
Page 458 and 459: studied theologically rather than a
Page 460 and 461:
Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
Page 462 and 463:
as kings. In connection with the fi
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3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
Page 466 and 467:
This is the type of Arminianism wit
Page 468 and 469:
identity” and makes them in all r
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done in connection with the constru
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2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
Page 474 and 475:
enabled will, to do the good. In hi
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of modern liberal theology, with it
Page 478 and 479:
the mind but also acts directly on
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namely, to the elect. In course of
Page 482 and 483:
than the non-elect. It is a matter
Page 484 and 485:
material blessings are generally of
Page 486 and 487:
operation at once after the fall. L
Page 488 and 489:
4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
Page 494 and 495:
spiritual good? Is the good which t
Page 496 and 497:
1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
Page 498 and 499:
understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
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2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
Page 502 and 503:
that in the moral sphere? How shoul
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1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
Page 506 and 507:
Experience taught them that many ga
Page 508 and 509:
etween the two and to avoid both th
Page 510 and 511:
y faith. But, in order that this co
Page 512 and 513:
gospel to every creature. He that b
Page 514 and 515:
sentence of death, and blesses them
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clear distinction was made between
Page 518 and 519:
etween regeneration and conversion.
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1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
Page 522 and 523:
eference to it. Calling, on the oth
Page 524 and 525:
God, for they are foolishness unto
Page 526 and 527:
a. Regeneration is a creative act,
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that we need not be in doubt respec
Page 530 and 531:
divine-human life of Christ came in
Page 532 and 533:
VII. Conversion From the discussion
Page 534 and 535:
idea of repentance in its sacrament
Page 536 and 537:
Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
Page 538 and 539:
conscious life of the Christian the
Page 540 and 541:
nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
Page 542 and 543:
These are but different names for t
Page 544 and 545:
conversion is quite evident from su
Page 546 and 547:
conversion always preceded by ‘co
Page 548 and 549:
and in his testimony, which as such
Page 550 and 551:
something is wanting, are conscious
Page 552 and 553:
despiser of God may receive what is
Page 554 and 555:
Even in the period of the law faith
Page 556 and 557:
characteristic of faith in the less
Page 558 and 559:
genuine, but evanescent in characte
Page 560 and 561:
give the believer some idea of the
Page 562 and 563:
articles of faith, but it does clai
Page 564 and 565:
say this, and there are reasons to
Page 566 and 567:
is never a believer or a Christian,
Page 568 and 569:
8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
Page 570 and 571:
pardons our sins and accepts us as
Page 572 and 573:
The pardon granted in justification
Page 574 and 575:
eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
Page 576 and 577:
a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
Page 578 and 579:
true that, when Christ rendered ful
Page 580 and 581:
asis of their good works, he would
Page 582 and 583:
1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
Page 584 and 585:
ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
Page 586 and 587:
X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
Page 588 and 589:
purification, it includes the idea
Page 590 and 591:
connection between the former, in w
Page 592 and 593:
nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
Page 594 and 595:
ational being, by requiring of him
Page 596 and 597:
without it, and are therefore alway
Page 598 and 599:
justification, the degree of sancti
Page 600 and 601:
perfection. Even the most notable s
Page 602 and 603:
without this no one can have the di
Page 604 and 605:
of believers remain imperfect in th
Page 606 and 607:
XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
Page 608 and 609:
though He repented of it. This is a
Page 610 and 611:
e an incentive for sin. It would se
Page 612 and 613:
PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
Page 614 and 615:
I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
Page 616 and 617:
namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
Page 618 and 619:
universal Church. The increasing wo
Page 620 and 621:
The invisible Church becomes visibl
Page 622 and 623:
II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
Page 624 and 625:
Christians formed into distinct org
Page 626 and 627:
2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
Page 628 and 629:
Church as an institution (also call
Page 630 and 631:
of some Premillenarian writers as t
Page 632 and 633:
foreigners could enter it by being
Page 634 and 635:
controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
Page 636 and 637:
in religion. Unless it changes colo
Page 638 and 639:
1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
Page 640 and 641:
central truths of the gospel will n
Page 642 and 643:
III. The Government of the Church A
Page 644 and 645:
declarative, and are not binding on
Page 646 and 647:
the Head primarily, though not excl
Page 648 and 649:
5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
Page 650 and 651:
entrusted to their care. They had t
Page 652 and 653:
office, but allowed the people to t
Page 654 and 655:
(1) That every local church is a co
Page 656 and 657:
c. The matters that fall under thei
Page 658 and 659:
IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
Page 660 and 661:
Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
Page 662 and 663:
in order that all this work may be
Page 664 and 665:
authority, but maintain the right t
Page 666 and 667:
subject to disciplinary action by t
Page 668 and 669:
of a communion of goods the early C
Page 670 and 671:
THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
Page 672 and 673:
partakers of Christ and all His ben
Page 674 and 675:
Reformation and of later times, vir
Page 676 and 677:
II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
Page 678 and 679:
deposit, which is now so inseparabl
Page 680 and 681:
say that there is no gospel in the
Page 682 and 683:
and that the law awakens the consci
Page 684 and 685:
litigation. After the decision of t
Page 686 and 687:
necessary only in the sense that th
Page 688 and 689:
orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
Page 690 and 691:
or parents, were accounted as clean
Page 692 and 693:
2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
Page 694 and 695:
second century on the idea graduall
Page 696 and 697:
in something that has no cleansing
Page 698 and 699:
that, according to Greek usage, bap
Page 700 and 701:
F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
Page 702 and 703:
clearly an organic concept, and its
Page 704 and 705:
and youths, and old men.” 51 This
Page 706 and 707:
were baptized, though it does appri
Page 708 and 709:
is in duty bound to regard them as
Page 710 and 711:
The great Reformer answered this ob
Page 712 and 713:
e. The extension of baptism to chil
Page 714 and 715:
V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
Page 716 and 717:
not exclude the possibility of His
Page 718 and 719:
from the fact that the third cup, g
Page 720 and 721:
synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
Page 722 and 723:
certainly ours as if we ourselves h
Page 724 and 725:
Unworthy communicants also receive
Page 726 and 727:
passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
Page 734 and 735:
dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
Page 736 and 737:
i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
Page 738 and 739:
eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
Page 740 and 741:
not opposed to each other as existe
Page 742 and 743:
emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
Page 744 and 745:
II. The Immortality of the Soul In
Page 746 and 747:
parts. But the soul as a spiritual
Page 748 and 749:
eal core of the Old Testament hope
Page 750 and 751:
immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
Page 760 and 761:
There are also several passages in
Page 762 and 763:
deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
Page 766 and 767:
e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
Page 770 and 771:
GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
Page 772 and 773:
maintained that there are no predic
Page 774 and 775:
emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
Page 776 and 777:
overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
Page 796 and 797:
sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
Page 798 and 799:
Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
Page 800 and 801:
ighteous and that of the wicked, an
Page 802 and 803:
Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
Page 804 and 805:
the day of the Lord, and with the e
Page 806 and 807:
which will occur only after some ti
Page 808 and 809:
IV. The Final Judgment Another one
Page 810 and 811:
the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
Page 812 and 813:
hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
Page 814 and 815:
exactly twenty-four hours, since th
Page 816 and 817:
V. The Final State The last judgmen
Page 818 and 819:
B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
Page 820 and 821:
BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
Page 822 and 823:
Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
Page 824 and 825:
Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
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CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
Page 832 and 833:
Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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