Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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econcile them, namely, I Tim. 2:5. Here Christ is represented as Mediator in the sense that, on the basis of His sacrifice, He brings God and man together. The work of Christ, as indicated by the word mesites, is twofold. He labors in things pertaining to God and in things pertaining to man, in the objective legal sphere, and in the subjective moral sphere. In the former He propitiates the just displeasure of God by expiating the guilt of sin, makes intercession for those whom the Father has given Him, and actually makes their persons and services acceptable to God. And in the latter He reveals to men the truth concerning God and their relation to Him with the conditions of acceptable service, persuades and enables them to receive the truth, and directs and sustains them in all circumstances of life, so as to perfect their deliverance. In doing this work He employs the ministry of men, II Cor. 5:20. 312
IV. The Dual Aspect of the Covenant In speaking of the contracting parties in the covenant of grace it was already intimated that the covenant may be considered from two different points of view. There are two different aspects of the covenant, and now the question arises, In what relation do these two stand to each other? This question has been answered in different ways. A. AN EXTERNAL AND AN INTERNAL COVENANT. Some have distinguished between an external and an internal covenant. The external covenant was conceived as one in which a person’s status depends entirely on the performance of certain external religious duties. His position is entirely correct, if he does what is required of him, somewhat in the Roman Catholic sense. Among Israel this covenant assumed a national form. Perhaps no one worked out the doctrine of an external covenant with greater consistency than Thomas Blake. The dividing line between the external and the internal covenant was not always represented in the same way. Some connected baptism with the external, and confession of faith and the Lord’s Supper, with the internal covenant; others thought of baptism and confession as belonging to the external covenant, and of the Lord’s Supper as the sacrament of the internal covenant. But the trouble is that this whole representation results in a dualism in the conception of the covenant that is not warranted by Scripture; it yields an external covenant that is not interpenetrated by the internal. The impression is created that there is a covenant in which man can assume an entirely correct position without saving faith; but the Bible knows of no such covenant. There are, indeed, external privileges and blessings of the covenant, and there are persons who enjoy these only; but such cases are abnormalities that cannot be systematized. The distinction between an external and an internal covenant does not hold. This view must not be confused with another and related view, namely, that there is an external and an internal aspect of the covenant of grace (Mastricht and others). According to this some accept their covenant responsibilities in a truly spiritual way, from the heart, while others accept them only by an external profession with the mouth, and therefore are only apparently in the covenant. Mastricht refers to Judas Iscariot, Simon the sorcerer, those who have temporal faith, and others. But the trouble is that, according to this view, the non-elect and non-regenerate are merely external appendages to the covenant, and are simply regarded as children of the covenant by us because of our short-sightedness, but are no covenant children at all in the sight of God. 313
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Preface............................
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B. Scriptural Proof for the Doctrin
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A. Historical Review. B. The Univer
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G. The Theory of Gradual Incarnatio
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III. Common Grace .................
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C. The Biblical Idea of Holiness an
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F. The Number of the Sacraments. IV
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D. The Time of the Resurrection. IV
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PART ONE: THE DOCTRINE OF GOD THE B
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their works begin the discussion of
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God. The latter are, as a rule, of
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creation. Through Schleiermacher th
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D. THE SO-CALLED RATIONAL PROOFS FO
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eligious worship, this can only fin
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II. The Knowability of God A. GOD I
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phenomena, and is therefore necessa
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cannot be real knowledge, an assump
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seem most appropriate, but in theol
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providential government of the worl
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appears to be a conflict, there is
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sense that God continues to speak t
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told that God, personified as Wisdo
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inclusive. Apart from the revelatio
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when we rule out all distinctions i
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IV. The Names of God A. THE NAMES O
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following names point to the fact t
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generally, however, Theos is found
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in man, according to the principle
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The only proper way to obtain perfe
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He is related to His creatures, God
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emphasize the absolute Being of God
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Being or attributes. It implies tha
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dwell on earth as He does in heaven
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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of the effect. Since man is a perso
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a. Its nature. The knowledge of God
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Jesuit, Lutheran, and Arminian theo
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C. MORAL ATTRIBUTES The moral attri
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of man and his ability to help hims
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Hab. 1:13. Used in this sense, the
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established. (2) Retributive justic
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complacency or delight is always pr
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maintain both the decretive and the
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LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. I
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was officially professed that the S
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God because of His trinal existence
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3:22, the Son communing with the Fa
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into tetratheism. The personal dist
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common nature or substance, they ar
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could be called the Son of God as M
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necessarily implied separation or d
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Sabellians reject the personality o
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d. The deity of the Holy Spirit. Th
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THE WORKS OF GOD I. The Divine Decr
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from zamam, to meditate, to have in
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4. THE DECREE TO ACT IS NOT THE ACT
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good or evil, Eph. 1:11. It include
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which are entirely dependent on the
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II. Predestination In passing from
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Since the days of Schleiermacher th
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a special relation to Himself. Some
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salvation. More briefly it may be s
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than Barth, but rejects the doctrin
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purposed to save some, then He ipso
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of the decrees. The question is, wh
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appears in the divine decree first
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. Objections to it. The following a
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. Is a f
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Augustine suggested a somewhat diff
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under the providential guidance of
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teaching that the world had a begin
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things (Pantheism). In opposition t
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5. CREATION GIVES THE WORLD A DISTI
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that was necessary for a full and e
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inherent glory in the works of His
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vivo.” (b) Other evolutionists ad
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disappearing under the influence of
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it is quite evident that philosophy
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confirmed in their position, and ar
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The name Michael (lit., “who as G
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epeatedly “the prince of this (no
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Babylonian story. Both speak of a p
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scholars, such as Harris, Miley, Be
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ut this view would seem to involve
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should be borne in mind that both s
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description of the history of man,
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times, was found to be unreliable.
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evolutionists have not been able to
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thus creates very much as the artis
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VI. Providence Christian theism is
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manner in which God preserves and g
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and the latter, His care for each p
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exercise of divine power. The power
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will”; and Ezra 6:22, that Jehova
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c. It is, finally, an immediate con
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. It is a government adapted to the
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3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MIRACLES OF S
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PART TWO: THE DOCTRINE OF MAN IN RE
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creators with God, and that man is
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a. From the point of view of the th
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explained on the same principle. Mo
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who does.” 5 Fleming says: “All
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capacities, and above all the same
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occasionally seems to waver, and Be
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“body and soul,” Matt. 6:25; 10
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ody are dependent on the conscious
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3. TRADUCIANISM. According to Tradu
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all Christians, is clearly recogniz
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218
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of God extends to everything in whi
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4. Another element usually included
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essential to man’s nature, for th
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the body. Spirituality, freedom, an
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Adam was before he was endowed with
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IV. Man in the Covenant of Works Th
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etter. Hugh Martin already wrote in
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4. THE PARALLEL BETWEEN ADAM AND CH
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and becoming subject to the power o
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militate against this view: (a) Man
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Church finally culminated in Pelagi
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ing a clean thing out of an unclean
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asserts that by eating from the tre
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Propagation of Sin 34 gave a rather
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Theol., pp. 117-129; Dabney, Syst.
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A. PHILOSOPHIC THEORIES RESPECTING
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transgression of the law of God, an
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speaks of sin, there can be no doub
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contention that repeated sinful dee
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all moral value. It is only as an e
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III. The Transmission of Sin Script
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Page 264 and 265: under condemnation and therefore ne
Page 266 and 267: guilty in Adam merely in virtue of
Page 268 and 269: IV. Sin in the Life of the Human Ra
Page 270 and 271: Christ, and much less by mere pardo
Page 272 and 273: God. The distinction under consider
Page 274 and 275: human race fell away from God; but
Page 276 and 277: does not merely denote those extern
Page 278 and 279: Heb. 6:4-6. But this is an un-Scrip
Page 280 and 281: V. The Punishment of Sin Sin is a v
Page 282 and 283: Himself as the Holy One and necessa
Page 284 and 285: Gen. 42:21; Num. 21:7; I Sam. 15:24
Page 286 and 287: 3. PHYSICAL DEATH. The separation o
Page 288 and 289: MAN IN THE COVENANT OF GRACE I. Nam
Page 290 and 291: B. THE CONCEPT. The covenant idea d
Page 292 and 293: II. The Covenant of Redemption A. S
Page 294 and 295: 4. There are two Old Testament pass
Page 296 and 297: the suretyship of Christ the ground
Page 298 and 299: e. That He would give unto Him a nu
Page 300 and 301: III. Nature of the Covenant of Grac
Page 302 and 303: nevertheless felt that it was a sub
Page 304 and 305: ewustzijn de zekerheid aangaande de
Page 306 and 307: spiritual kind; (b) the promise of
Page 308 and 309: of the new covenant, Jer. 31:33; He
Page 310 and 311: exactly to those who ignore the con
Page 314 and 315: They are not really in the covenant
Page 316 and 317: Scripture. There is the condition o
Page 318 and 319: elievers grow up and come to years
Page 320 and 321: V. The Different Dispensations of t
Page 322 and 323: of the Plan of Redemption as there
Page 324 and 325: On the basis of all that has been s
Page 326 and 327: covenant with Noah the general char
Page 328 and 329: 4. THE SINAITIC COVENANT. The coven
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Page 332 and 333: covenant of grace will continue unt
Page 334 and 335: directs attention to the gracious p
Page 336 and 337: him, Eutychus and his followers cer
Page 338 and 339: knowledge; can be regarded as omnip
Page 340 and 341: epresentations may vary greatly, bu
Page 342 and 343: II. The Names and Natures of Christ
Page 344 and 345: ore it.” 5 The supposed proof for
Page 346 and 347: is an authority and ownership resti
Page 348 and 349: c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain
Page 350 and 351: should thus descend to the depths o
Page 352 and 353: III. The Unipersonality of Christ I
Page 354 and 355: B. SCRIPTURAL PROOF FOR THE UNIPERS
Page 356 and 357: natures works with its own special
Page 358 and 359: 2. OBJECTIONS TO THIS LUTHERAN DOCT
Page 360 and 361: properties were retained, but were
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measure to the unique and represent
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THE STATES OF CHRIST I. The State o
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death. On the basis of the passage
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nor, on the other hand, merely that
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is born of flesh is flesh. In all p
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special sufferings of the Saviour m
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as the Lord says, “He was cut off
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flesh, but live according to God in
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II. The State of Exaltation A. GENE
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doctrine was excogitated, but that
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the fundamental tenet that miracles
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Christian religion. Barth and Brunn
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Christ, it also included a local mo
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convey His blessings to the saints,
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teachings respecting them are merel
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discriminate the one function clear
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to protest against mere formalism,
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exactly an atonement of the second
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high priest, clearly pre-figured a
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the invisible God, and especially o
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of the coming reality. Speaking of
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III. The Cause and Necessity of the
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the satisfaction due, which God was
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of God and is not, as Socinus would
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at least in part, to blame who spea
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a. The fundamental character of the
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2. IT IS A VICARIOUS ATONEMENT. a.
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as transgression of the law, I John
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an objective atonement, for they ar
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had given Him. (2) God demands, or
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3. SUCH AN ATONEMENT ASSUMES AN IMP
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V. Divergent Theories of the Atonem
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atonement, and in many respects his
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pardoning whom He will without dema
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5. Like the moral influence and the
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on the fact that He vicariously end
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c. The gift of the Holy Spirit for
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3. PROOF FOR THE DOCTRINE OF A LIMI
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as contrasted with all who are in A
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not die, in some other than a savin
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VII. The Intercessory Work of Chris
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of Christ, carrying it to completio
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4. And in and through it all there
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those prayers are effective. They w
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elation between the two may be indi
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“kingdom of God” is used in var
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B. THE KINGSHIP OF CHRIST OVER THE
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of the Atonement; Cunningham, Histo
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studied theologically rather than a
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Word of God, I Pet. 1:23. These and
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as kings. In connection with the fi
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3. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC VIEW. In Roma
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This is the type of Arminianism wit
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identity” and makes them in all r
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done in connection with the constru
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2. THE GRACE OF GOD IN THE WORK OF
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enabled will, to do the good. In hi
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of modern liberal theology, with it
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the mind but also acts directly on
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namely, to the elect. In course of
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than the non-elect. It is a matter
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material blessings are generally of
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operation at once after the fall. L
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4. DIVINE PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS.
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men are conceived in sin, and are b
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indiscriminately, Matt. 22:2-14; 28
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spiritual good? Is the good which t
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1. THE FEDERAL UNION OF CHRIST WITH
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understanding. Says Dr. Hodge: “T
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2. MYSTICAL ERROR. Another dangerou
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that in the moral sphere? How shoul
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1:23, in which the apostle speaks o
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Experience taught them that many ga
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etween the two and to avoid both th
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y faith. But, in order that this co
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gospel to every creature. He that b
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sentence of death, and blesses them
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clear distinction was made between
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etween regeneration and conversion.
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1. ITS INSEPARABLE CONNECTION WITH
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eference to it. Calling, on the oth
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God, for they are foolishness unto
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a. Regeneration is a creative act,
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that we need not be in doubt respec
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divine-human life of Christ came in
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VII. Conversion From the discussion
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idea of repentance in its sacrament
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Spirit of God; a change of thoughts
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conscious life of the Christian the
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nevertheless to have agreed with Ca
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These are but different names for t
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conversion is quite evident from su
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conversion always preceded by ‘co
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and in his testimony, which as such
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something is wanting, are conscious
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despiser of God may receive what is
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Even in the period of the law faith
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characteristic of faith in the less
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genuine, but evanescent in characte
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give the believer some idea of the
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articles of faith, but it does clai
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say this, and there are reasons to
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is never a believer or a Christian,
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8:33,34; (c) equivalent and interch
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pardons our sins and accepts us as
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The pardon granted in justification
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eceived Him, to them gave He the ri
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a. Grounds for the doctrine of just
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true that, when Christ rendered ful
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asis of their good works, he would
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1:30; 6:11; II Cor. 5:21; Phil. 3:9
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ighteousness, that faith, namely, a
Page 586 and 587:
X. Sanctification A. THE SCRIPTURAL
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purification, it includes the idea
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connection between the former, in w
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nigh a hundred times. The conceptio
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ational being, by requiring of him
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without it, and are therefore alway
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justification, the degree of sancti
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perfection. Even the most notable s
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without this no one can have the di
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of believers remain imperfect in th
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XI. Perseverance of the Saints A. T
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though He repented of it. This is a
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e an incentive for sin. It would se
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PART FIVE: THE DOCTRINE OF THE CHUR
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I. Scriptural Names of the Church a
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namely, the churches of Judea, Gali
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universal Church. The increasing wo
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The invisible Church becomes visibl
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II. Nature of the Church A. THE ESS
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Christians formed into distinct org
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2. THAT BETWEEN A VISIBLE AND AN IN
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Church as an institution (also call
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of some Premillenarian writers as t
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foreigners could enter it by being
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controlled by one Head, Jesus Chris
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in religion. Unless it changes colo
Page 638 and 639:
1. THE MARKS OF THE CHURCH IN GENER
Page 640 and 641:
central truths of the gospel will n
Page 642 and 643:
III. The Government of the Church A
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declarative, and are not binding on
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the Head primarily, though not excl
Page 648 and 649:
5. THE POWER OF THE CHURCH RESIDES
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entrusted to their care. They had t
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office, but allowed the people to t
Page 654 and 655:
(1) That every local church is a co
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c. The matters that fall under thei
Page 658 and 659:
IV. The Power of the Church A. THE
Page 660 and 661:
Matt. 28:18. It must be exercised i
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in order that all this work may be
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authority, but maintain the right t
Page 666 and 667:
subject to disciplinary action by t
Page 668 and 669:
of a communion of goods the early C
Page 670 and 671:
THE MEANS OF GRACE I. The Means of
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partakers of Christ and all His ben
Page 674 and 675:
Reformation and of later times, vir
Page 676 and 677:
II. The Word as a Means of Grace A.
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deposit, which is now so inseparabl
Page 680 and 681:
say that there is no gospel in the
Page 682 and 683:
and that the law awakens the consci
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litigation. After the decision of t
Page 686 and 687:
necessary only in the sense that th
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orders in I Tim. 4:14; II Tim. 1:6;
Page 690 and 691:
or parents, were accounted as clean
Page 692 and 693:
2. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA. The apost
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second century on the idea graduall
Page 696 and 697:
in something that has no cleansing
Page 698 and 699:
that, according to Greek usage, bap
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F. THE PROPER SUBJECTS OF BAPTISM.
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clearly an organic concept, and its
Page 704 and 705:
and youths, and old men.” 51 This
Page 706 and 707:
were baptized, though it does appri
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is in duty bound to regard them as
Page 710 and 711:
The great Reformer answered this ob
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e. The extension of baptism to chil
Page 714 and 715:
V. The Lord’s Supper A. ANALOGIES
Page 716 and 717:
not exclude the possibility of His
Page 718 and 719:
from the fact that the third cup, g
Page 720 and 721:
synecdoche. The Lord simply meant t
Page 722 and 723:
certainly ours as if we ourselves h
Page 724 and 725:
Unworthy communicants also receive
Page 726 and 727:
passages as John 6:48-58 (irrespect
Page 728 and 729:
are truly displeased with themselve
Page 730 and 731:
Litton, Introd. to Dogm. Theol., pp
Page 732 and 733:
as Haering says, “Pantheism of al
Page 734 and 735:
dead, and of indulgences. As a prot
Page 736 and 737:
i.e. man and the cosmos.” 3 If es
Page 738 and 739:
eturn of Jesus Christ and the end o
Page 740 and 741:
not opposed to each other as existe
Page 742 and 743:
emoved the penalty of sin. But if t
Page 744 and 745:
II. The Immortality of the Soul In
Page 746 and 747:
parts. But the soul as a spiritual
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eal core of the Old Testament hope
Page 750 and 751:
immortality in which only a few wil
Page 752 and 753:
III. The Intermediate State A. THE
Page 754 and 755:
not equal to their future heaven an
Page 756 and 757:
into the place of eternal punishmen
Page 758 and 759:
This representation would seem to b
Page 760 and 761:
There are also several passages in
Page 762 and 763:
deliverance. The Church has never d
Page 764 and 765:
intended to stress the fact that in
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e. Arguments against this doctrine.
Page 768 and 769:
to them. Other passages, such as Ma
Page 770 and 771:
GENERAL ESCHATOLOGY I. The Second C
Page 772 and 773:
maintained that there are no predic
Page 774 and 775:
emnant of Israel. 15 This preaching
Page 776 and 777:
overtakes the inhabitants of the ea
Page 778 and 779:
Historically, there have been diffe
Page 780 and 781:
1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND COMING. T
Page 782 and 783:
coming on the day of Pentecost, and
Page 784 and 785:
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: Why ca
Page 786 and 787:
1. THE PREMILLENNIALISM OF THE PAST
Page 788 and 789:
did not establish the Kingdom, but
Page 790 and 791:
occasion for a critical considerati
Page 792 and 793:
c. This theory is also in flagrant
Page 794 and 795:
B. POSTMILLENNIALISM. The position
Page 796 and 797:
sudden annihilation.” 26 These qu
Page 798 and 799:
Milligan, Is the Kingdom Age at Han
Page 800 and 801:
ighteous and that of the wicked, an
Page 802 and 803:
Scripture makes it perfectly eviden
Page 804 and 805:
the day of the Lord, and with the e
Page 806 and 807:
which will occur only after some ti
Page 808 and 809:
IV. The Final Judgment Another one
Page 810 and 811:
the present, Matt. 25:31-46; John 5
Page 812 and 813:
hand, His grace and mercy. Moreover
Page 814 and 815:
exactly twenty-four hours, since th
Page 816 and 817:
V. The Final State The last judgmen
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B. THE FINAL STATE OF THE RIGHTEOUS
Page 820 and 821:
BIBLIOGRAPHY DOGMATICS IN GENERAL R
Page 822 and 823:
Pieper, Christliche Dogmatik, St. L
Page 824 and 825:
Rimmer, The Theory of Evolution and
Page 826 and 827:
CHRISTOLOGY Berkhof, Christ in the
Page 828 and 829:
SOTERIOLOGY Ames, The Psychology of
Page 830 and 831:
Barth, The Church and the Churches,
Page 832 and 833:
Berkhoff, De Wederkomst van Christu
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Systematic Theology, by Louis Berkhof - New Leaven

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